Twitter, Presidential Debates and Attention Economy: A Symbiosis between Television Audience and Social Media Users during Campaign Season
Article Sidebar
284)
Main Article Content
Authors
Abstract
585
The year 2017 was an intense electoral year in Chile, both parliamentary and presidential. In this context, by using computer intelligence, an interdisciplinary team conducted a collection and volumetric analysis of over 3 million Twitter messages belonging to users that mentioned, at least once, any of the presidential candidates, both in the first and second voting round. Our goal was focused on analyzing the relationship between traditional media (radio and television) and Twitter, probing user interactions during the broadcast of live political shows, with emphasis on presidential debates. For this purpose, we carried out a volumetric analysis of all mentions in social media during the broadcast of live political shows to characterize the digital attention of the audience, under different parameters. Our results show that there is high user interest in the digital debate regarding presidential debates, a positive correlation between traditional media and Twitter during the broadcast of live political shows, and that, also, the latter trigger social media; furthermore, we verify the double screen phenomenon made possible by mobile platforms.
Keywords
References
Aguado, J. & Navarro, H. (2013). Comunicación móvil, ecosistema digital e industrias culturales. In J. Aguado, C. Feijóo & I. Martínez (Eds.), La comunicación móvil. Hacia un nuevo ecosistema digital (pp. 57-78). Barcelona: Gedisa.
Benoit, W. L., Glantz, M. & Rill, L. (2016). Campaigning on the Internet: 2008 Presidential General Election Candidate Webpages, KOME: International Journal of Pure Communication Inquiry, 4(2), 46-58. https://www.doi.org/10.17646/KOME.2016.24
Benoit, W. & Sheafer, T. (2006). Functional theory and political discourse: televised debates in Israel and the United States. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 2(83), 281-297. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/107769900608300204
Bobbio, N., Pontara, G. & Veca, S. (1985). La crisis de la democracia. Barcelona: Ariel.
Boczkowski, P. & Mitchelstein, E. (2013). The News Gap. When the information preferences of the Media and the Public Diverge. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Campos, F. (2008). Las redes sociales trastocan los modelos de los medios de comunicación tradicionales. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 11(63), 287-293.
Castells, M. (2015). Redes de indignación y esperanza. Madrid: Alianza.
Castells, M. (2011). Communication Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Castillo, S., Allende-Cid, H., Palma, W., Alfaro, R., Ramos, H., González, C., Elórtegui C. & Santander, P. (2019). Detection of Bots and Cyborgs in Twitter: A study on the Chilean Presidential Election in 2017. Social Computing and Social Media. Technologies and Analytics. 11th International Conference SCM July 2019. Accepted Paper. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21902-4_22
Chihu, A. (2009). La construcción del antagonista en los debates presidenciales del 2006. Polis: Investigación y Análisis Sociopolítico y Psicosocial, 5(1), 91-114.
Cho, J. (2009). Disentangling media effects from debate effects: the presentation mode of televised debates and viewer decision making. Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly, 2(86), 257-276. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/107769900908600208
Ceron, A., Stefano, M. & Porro, G. (2014). Every tweet counts? How sentiment analysis of social media can improve our knowledge of citizens’ political preferences with an application to Italy and France. New Media & Society, 16(2), 340-358. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1461444813480466
Claes, F. & Deltell, L. (2015). Audiencia social en Twitter: hacia un nuevo modelo de consumo televisivo. Trípodos, 36, 111-132.
Clark, H. (2000). Watching the debates: A guide for viewers. In S. Coleman (Ed.), Televised election debates. International perspectives (pp. 157-177). New York: MacMillan.
Consejo Nacional de Televisión, CNTV, (2018). Audiencias televisivas, redes sociales y política. Santiago de Chile.
Cotarelo, R. (Coord.) (2013). Ciberpolítica. Las nuevas formas de acción y la comunicación política. Valencia: Tirant Lo Blanc.
Deltell, F. (2012) Predicción de tendencia política por Twitter, Elecciones Andaluzas 2012. Ámbitos: Revista internacional de comunicación, 22(1), 91-100.
Díez Nicolás, J. & Semetko, H. A. (1995). La televisión y las elecciones de 1993. In A. Muñoz Alonso & J. I. Rospir (Eds.), Comunicación Política (pp. 243-304). Madrid: Universitas.
Dunbar, M. (2019). If social media is making us worse, can we make it better? The Humanist, 79(1), 12.
Echeverría, M. & Chong, B. (2013). Debates presidenciales y calidad de la democracia. Análisis empírico normativo de los debates mexicanos de 2012. Palabra Clave, 16(2), 341-365.
Feijóo, C., Maghiros, I., Abadie, F. & Gómez Barroso, J. L. (2009). Exploring a heterogeneous and fragmented digital ecosystem: Mobile content. Telematics and Informatics, 25(3), 282-292. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2008.11.009
Gallego, F. (2013) Social TV analytics: nuevas métricas para una nueva forma de ver televisión. Index Comunicación, 3(1), 13-39.
Gans, H. (2010). News & the news media in the digital age: implications for democracy. Daedalus, 139(2), 8–17.
García, F. (2017). La ficción política de las redes sociales. Buenos Aires: Biblos.
Gauthier, G. (1998). El análisis de contenido de los debates políticos televisados. In G. Gauthier, A. Gosselin & J. Mouchon (Eds.), Comunicación y Política (pp. 394-411). Barcelona: Gedisa.
Gerstlé, J. (2005). La comunicación política. Santiago de Chile: LOM.
González-Neira, A. & Quintas, N. (2014). Audiencia tradicional frente a la audiencia social: un análisis comparativo en el prime-time televisivo. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación, 5(1), 105-121.
Graber, D. A. & Smith, J. M. (2005). Political communication faces the 21st century. Journal of Communication, 55(3), 479-507. https://www.doi.org/10.1093/joc/55.3.479
Hallford, S., Weal, M., Tinati, R., Carr, L. & Pope C. (2017). Understanding the production and circulation of social media data: Towards methodological principles and praxis. New Media & Society, 20(9), 3341-3358. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1461444817748953
Hanson, J. R. & Benoit, W. L. (2010). Because I Said So: A Functional Theory Analysis of Evidence in Political TV Spots. Speaker & Gavel, 47(1), 1-15.
Harrington, S, Highfield, T. & Bruns, A. (2013) More than a backchannel: Twitter and television, Participations, 10(1), 405-409.
Hermida, A. (2014). Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Canada: Doubleday.
Hilbert, M. (2017). The More You Know, the More You Can Grow: An Information Theoretic Approach to Growth in the Information Age. Entropy, 19(2), 82. https://www.doi.org/10.3390/e19020082
Issenberg, S. (2012). The Victory Lab. New York: Crown Publishers.
Jamieson, K. H. & Adasiewicz, C. (2000). What can voters learn from election debates. In S. Coleman (Ed.), Televised election debates. International perspectives (pp. 25-42). New York: MacMillan, 25-42.
Jenkins, H. (2008) Convergence culture. Where old and new media collide. New York: New York University Press.
Jungherr, A. 2010. Twitter in Politics: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2402443. https://www.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2402443
Kraus, S. & Davis, D. (1981). Political debates. In D. Nimmo & K. Sanders (Eds.), Handbook of Political Communication (pp. 273-298). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Kreiss, D. (2016). Seizing the moment: The presidential campaigns’ use of Twitter during the 2012 electoral cycle. New Media & Society, 18(8), 1473-1490. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1461444814562445
Lahey, M. (2016). Everyday Life as a Text: Soft Control, Television and Twitter, SAGE-Open, 6(1), 1-9. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016633738
Lawson, C. (2003.) Mexico’s great debates: The televised candidate encounters of 2000 and their electoral consequences. In J. I. Domínguez & C. Lawson (Eds.), Mexico’s pivotal democratic election: Candidates, voters and the presidential campaign of 2000 (pp. 211-242.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Livingstone, S. (2018) Audience in a Age of Datafication. Television & New Media, 20(2), 170-183. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1527476418811118
Lledó Callejón, P. (2001) La influencia de los debates electorales sobre la decisión de voto: el caso de mayo de 1993 en España. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 5, 143-170.
Lobos, S. (2017). Cómo influyen las redes sociales en las elecciones. Nueva Sociedad, 269. Retrieved from http://nuso.org/autor/sascha-lobo/
López García, G. & Valera Ordaz, L. (Eds.) (2017). Pantallas electorales. El discurso de partidos, medios y ciudadanos en la campaña de 2015. Barcelona: UOC.
Luengo, O. (2011). Debates electorales en televisión: una aproximación preliminar a sus efectos inmediatos. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 25, 81-96.
Marín, B. (2003). Debates electorales por televisión. In S. Berrocal (Ed.), Comunicación Política en Televisión y Nuevos Medios (pp. 207-241). Barcelona: Ariel.
Mastrini, G. & Becerra, M. (2017). La concentración infocomunicacional en América Latina (2000-2015). Buenos Aires: Ediciones Espaciales.
McKinney, M. & Carlin, D. (2004). Political campaign debates. In L. Kaid (Ed.), Handbook of Political Communication Research. Estados Unidos: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Mato, A. (1994). Fondo y forma del discurso y su aceptación o rechazo por el telespectador. In F. Huertas (Ed.), Televisión y política (pp. 109-114). Madrid: Editorial Complutense.
Maurer, M. & Reinemann, C. (2006). Learning vs. Knowing. Effects of misinformation in televised debates. Communication Research, 33, 489-506. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0093650206293252
Plasser, F. & Plasser, G. (2002). Global political campaigning. A worldwide analysis of campaign professionals and their practices. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Meraz, S. (2011). The fight for ‘how to think’: Traditional media, social networks, and issue interpretation, Journalism, 12(1), 107-127. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1464884910385193
Proulx, M. & Shepatin, S. (2012). Social TV: How Marketers Can Reach and Engage Audiences by Connecting Television to the Web, Social Media and Mobile. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Provost, F. & Fawcett, T. (2013). Data Science and its Relationship to Big Data and Data Driven Decision Making. Big Data 1(1), 51-59. https://www.doi.org/10.1089/big.2013.1508
Racine Group (2002). White paper on televised political campaign debates. Argumentation & Advocacy, 38, 199-218. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/00028533.2002.11821568
Rodotá, S. (2000) Tecnopolítica. La democracia y las nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación. Buenos Aires: Losada.
Rogers, R. (2004) Information Politics on the Web. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Russell, S. J., Norvig, P. & Davis, E. (2016). Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Harlow: Prentice Hall.
Ruiz del Olmo, F. & Bustos, J. (2017). La evolución del debate televisivo como herramienta de comunicación política. Informação & Sociedade: Estudos, 27(2), 235-252. https://www.doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1809-4783.2017v27n2.32491
Sartori, G. (2007). ¿Qué es la democracia? Madrid: Taurus.
Schwab, K. (2016). La Cuarta Revolución Industrial. Madrid: Debate.
Schwab, K. & Nicholas, D. (2018). Shaping the future of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. NY: Random House.
Shaw, D. R. (1999). A study of presidential campaign effects from 1952 to 1992. Journal of Politics, 61, 387-422. https://www.doi.org/10.2307/2647509
Venturini, T., Bounegru, L., Gray, J. & Rogers, R. (2018). A Reality Check(list) for Digital Methods. New Media & Society, 20(11), 4195-4217. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1461444818769236
Wang, Y. (2016). How Do Television Networks Use Twitter? Exploring the Relationship between Twitter Use and Television Ratings. Southern Communication Journal, 81(3), 125-135. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2015.1116593
Yawn, M. & Beatty, B. (2000). Debate-induced opinion change. What matters? American Politics Quarterly, 28, 270-285. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1532673X00028002007
Zhang, Y., Jin, R. & Zhou, Z. H. (2010). Understanding bag-of-words model: a statistical framework. International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 1(4), 43–52. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s13042-010-0001-0
Metrics
|
|
Details
Article Details
RIGHTS TRANSFER
By submitting the article for evaluation and subsequent publication in Communication & Society, the AUTHOR exclusively assigns the rights of public communication, reproduction, distribution and sale for commercial exploitation to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, for the maximum legal term in force -the entire life of the author and seventy years after his death or declaration of death-, in any country, and in any of the current and future edition modalities, both in print and electronic versions.
In the event that the article is not accepted for publication , this transfer of rights lapses with the communication of the refusal to the AUTHOR.
The AUTHOR affirms that the article is unpublished, that it has not been sent simultaneously to another publication medium and that the rights have not been transferred exclusively previously. He is responsible to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service for the authorship and originality of his work, as well as for all pecuniary charges that may arise for the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, in favor of third parties due to actions, claims or conflicts arising from the breach of obligations by the AUTHOR.
