The Orphanhood of the «United Monarchy» in Israel. On the Occasion of the Death of Eilat Mazar
Main Article Content
Abstract
On May 26, 2021, died in Jerusalem Eilat Mazar an archaeologist, well known for her discoveries in two important places in Jerusalem, the Ophel, the small hill next to the southern wall of the esplanade built by Herod to build the temple; and the so-called “city of David”, the monumental complex on the crest of the hill south of the Ophel. Mazar’s personality, her belonging to a well-known saga of archaeologists, and her academic work serve to show not only the complex of monumental ruins, ceramic pieces and remains of the material culture of the monarchical period; but also to expose the academic and ideological debates that have shaken archaeology on biblical soil since the middle of the last century. The article exposes Mazar’s personal and academic biography, to then introduce itself into two of the great academic and ideological debates that have crossed Biblical studies in the second half of the s. XX, noting that the united monarchy of David and Solomon constitutes a nuclear piece of the discussion. But, in addition, the work makes a succinct presentation of the two great excavations of Mazar in Jerusalem, the Ophel and the palace of David.
Keywords
References
ARNOLD, B., «Archaeology and Politics in the Twenty-First Century: Still Faustian but Not Much of a Bargain», en KRISTIANSEN, K., SMEJDA, K. L. y TUREK, J. (eds.), Paradigm Found: Archaeological Theory. Present, Past and Future. Essays in Honour of Evûen Neustupny, Oxford-Philapdelphia: Oxbow Books, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dpc1.18
AZNAR, C., «De 2002 a 2010: la arqueología del Levante meridional a comienzos del s. XXI (I)», Estudios Bíblicos 68/2 (2010) 219-258.
BECKING, B. E. J. H., «Between Evidence and Ideology», en BECKING, B. E. J. H. y GRABBE L. L. (eds.), Between Evidence and Ideology: Essays on the History of Ancient Israel Read at the Joint Meeting of the Society for Old Testament Study and the Oud Testamentisch Werkgezelschap Lincoln, July 2009 (Oudtestamentische Studiën-Old Testament studies 59), Leiden-Boston, MA: Brill, 2010, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004187375.i-234.7
BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY SOCIETY STAFF, «Eilat Mazar at Odds with IAA, Elad», Bible History Daily (blog), 12 de diciembre de 2011, https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/eilat-mazar-at-odds-with-iaa-elad/.
BISHOP MOORE, M., «Beyond Minimalism», The Bible and the Interpretation (blog), marzo de 2010, https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/moore357925.
BRIQUEL-CHATONNET, F., Les relations entre les cités de la côte phénicienne et les royaumes d'Israel et de Judá (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 46), Departement Oriëntalistiek, Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters, 1992.
DAVIES, Ph. R., «The End of Biblical Minimalism?», The Bible and the Interpretation (blog), diciembre de 2011, https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/dav358019.
EMEK SHAVEH, «The Debate Over "King David's Palace"», (2020), https://emekshaveh.org/en/the-debate-over-king-davids-palace/ [accedido marzo 20, 2022].
ERLANGER, S., «King David's Palace Is Found, Archaeologist Says», The New York Times, 5 de agosto de 2005, sec. World, https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/05/world/middleeast/king-davids-palace-isfound-archaeologist-says.html.
FAUST, A., «Did Eilat Mazar Find David's Palace?», Biblical Archaeology Review 38/5 (2012) 47-52, 70.
FAUST, A., GARFINKEL, Y. y MUMCUOGLU, M., «The Study of the 10th Century BCE in the Early 21st Century CE: An Overview», Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 1 (2021) 1-14. https://doi.org/10.52486/01.00001.1
FAUST, A., «The "United Monarchy" on the Ground: The Disruptive Character of the Iron Age I-II Transition and the Nature of Political Transformations», Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 1 (2021) 15-67. https://doi.org/10.52486/01.00001.2
FINKELSTEIN, I., «Dr. Eilat Mazar was one of the most prominent and influential Israeli archaeologists», Facebook, 27 de mayo de 2021, https://www.facebook.com/Israel-Finkelstein-en-Espa%C3%B1ol-106849454130492/.
FINKELSTEIN, I., «Philistine Chronology: High, Middle or Low?», en SEYMOUR, G., MAZAR, A. y STERN, E. (eds.), Mediterranean peoples in transition: thirteenth to early tenth centuries BCE: in Honor of Professor Trude Dothan, Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society 1998, 140-147.
FINKELSTEIN, I., «The Archaeology of the United Monarchy: An Alternative View», Levant 28/1 (1996) 177-187. https://doi.org/10.1179/lev.1996.28.1.177
FINKELSTEIN, I., «The Iron Age Complex in the Ophel, Jerusalem: A Critical Analysis», Tel Aviv 49/2 (2022) 191-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2022.2102108
FINKELSTEIN, I., «The rise of Jerusalem and Judah: the missing link», Levant 33 (2001) 105-115. https://doi.org/10.1179/lev.2001.33.1.105
FINKELSTEIN, I., SINGER-AVITZ, L., HERZOG, Z. y USSISHKIN, D., «Has King David's Palace in Jerusalem been Found?», Tel Aviv 34, nº 2 (2007) 142- 164. https://doi.org/10.1179/tav.2007.2007.2.142
FRANCH, J. A., Evolución social, Madrid: AKAL, 1999.
GALOR, K., Finding Jerusalem: Archaeology between Science and Ideology, Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.29
GRABBE, L. L., Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?, London-New York: T&T Clark, 2007.
HALLOTE, R. S. y JOFFE, A. H., «The Politics of Israeli Archaeology: Between "Nationalism" and "Science" in the Age of the Second Republic», Israel Studies 7/3 (2002) 84-116. https://doi.org/10.1353/is.2003.0006
IANIR, M., GANDULLA, B. y JARUF, P., «Más allá de la arqueología bíblica, el procesualismo y el postprocesualismo. Política y tendencias arqueológicas en medio Oriente», Atek Na [En la tierra] 10 (2021) 27-67.
KITCHEN, K. A., On the reliability of the Old Testament, Grand Rapids, MI: W. B. Eerdmans, 2003.
KLETTER, R., Archaeology, heritage and ethics in the Western Wall Plaza, Jerusalem: darkness at the end of the tunnel, Copenhagen International Seminar, New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429031311
KLETTER, R., «Chronology and United Monarchy. A Methodological Review », Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 120/1 (2004) 13-54.
LEFKOVITS, E., «Archeology: Dr. Eilat Mazar: The Bible as blueprint», The Jerusalem Post, 25 de septiembre de 2008, sec. Magazine, https://www.jpost.com/magazine/features/archeology-dr-eilat-mazar-the-bible-as-blueprint.
LEFKOVITS, E., «Eilat Mazar: Uncovering King David's Palace», Moment (2006) 39-40.
MAGNERES, M., «Esbozos para una biografía intelectual de Israel Finkelstein: el arqueólogo en su laberinto», en RODRÍGUEZ, R. R. y MAGNERES, M. (eds.), Sociedades Antiguas del Mediterráneo y América: aproximaciones desde el Sur. Actas de Jornadas Patagónicas de Estudios sobre Sociedades Antiguas (UNPA-UASJ) y I Jornadas Nacionales e Internacionales de Historia Antigua. Aportes Teóricos y Metodológicos en Tiempos de Pandemia (UNICEN), Buenos Aires: El Búho Desplumado, 2021, 83-101.
MAZAR, A., «The Iron Age Chronology Debate: Is the Gap Narrowing? Another Viewpoint», Near Eastern Archaeology 74/2 (2011) 105-111. https://doi.org/10.5615/neareastarch.74.2.0105
MAZAR, E., «Did I Find King David's Palace?», Biblical Archaeology Review 32/1 (2006) 16-27,70.
MAZAR, E., «Did I Find King David's Palace?», Biblical Archaeology Review 32/1 (2006) 16-21, 23-27, 70.
MAZAR, E., Discovering the Solomonic Wall in Jerusalem. A remarkable archaeological adventure, Jerusalem: Shoham Academic Research and Publication, 2011.
MAZAR, E., «Excavate King David's Palace!», Biblical Archaeology Review 23/1 (1997) 50-52, 54-57, 74.
MAZAR, E., «Excavations at the Summit of the City of David Hill, 2005- 2008», en GEVA, H. (ed.), Ancient Jerusalem Revealed, Jerusalem: Shoham Academic Research and Publication, 2019, 45-54.
MAZAR, E., «Royal Gateway to Ancient Jerusalem Uncovered», Biblical Archaeology Review 15/3 (1989) 38-51.
MAZAR, E., The Northern Cemetery of Achziv. The Sam Turner Expedition Final Report of The Excavations 1992-2004, Barcelona: Bellaterra, 2013.
MAZAR, E., The Palace of King David. Excavations at the summit of the City of David. Preliminary report of seasons 2005-2007, Jerusalem: Shoham Academic Research and Publication, 2009.
MAZAR, E., «The Solomonic Wall in Jerusalem», en MAIER, A. M. y MIROSCHEDJI, P. DE (eds.), I Will Speak the Riddles of Ancient Times: Archaeological and Historical Studies in Honor of Amihai Mazar on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday, I, Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2006, 775-786.
MAZAR, E., BEN-SHLOMO, D. y AHITUV, S., «An Inscribed Pithos from the Ophel, Jerusalem», Israel Exploration Journal 63 (2013) 39-49.
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, «Reyes de la controversia», National Geographic en español (blog), 9 de agosto de 2018, https://www.ngenespanol.com/fotografia/reyes-controversia/.
NETGAAL, B., «Exploring the Hidden Gate of King Solomon's Jerusalem», Armstrong Institute of Biblical Archaeology (blog), 14 de enero de 2021.
PFOH, E., «De la articulación sociopolítica en Palestina durante la Edad del Hierro (ca. 1200-600 a.C.)», en DELL'ELICINE, E., FRANCISCO, H. R. y MICELI, P. (eds.), Clientelismo, parentesco y cultura jurisdiccional en las sociedades precapitalistas, Los Polvorines: UNGS, 2014, 19-45.
PFOH, E., «Repensando la historia del "Antiguo Israel"», en LUCIANI, F. y ROVIRA, L. (eds.), Temas y problemas de historia antiguo-oriental: una introducción, Santa Fe: Ediciones UNL, 2021, 167-179, https://bibliotecavirtual.unl.edu.ar/handle/11185/5815.
PROVAN, I. W., LONG, V. P. y LONGMAN T., III, Biblical History of Israel, Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003.
SAUTER, M., «Isaiah's Signature Uncovered in Jerusalem», Bible History Daily (blog), 19 de mayo de 2019, https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/prophet-isaiah-signature-jerusalem/.
SHARON, I., GILBOA, A., JULL, A. J. T. y ELISABETTA BOARETTO, E., «Report on the First Stage of the Iron Age Dating Project in Israel: Supporting a Low Chronology», RADIOCARBON 49 (2007) 1-46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200041886
VIGIL, J. M., «El nuevo paradigma arqueológico-bíblico», Horizonte 14/42 (2016) 337-376. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2175-5841.2016v14n42p337
WATCH JERUSALEM STAFF, «Dr. Eilat Mazar, Queen of Jerusalem Archaeology, Has Died», Armstrong Institute of Biblical Archaeology (blog), 25 de mayo de 2021, https://armstronginstitute.org/344-dr-eilat-mazar-queenof-jerusalem-archaeology-has-died.
WHITELAM, K. W., The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History, London-New York: Routledge, 1996.
WIENER, N., «The Ophel Treasure», Biblical History Daily (blog), 1 de septiembre de 2015, https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/the-ophel-treasure/.
Details
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
RIGHTS TRANSFER
By submitting the article for evaluation and subsequent publication in Scripta Theologica, the AUTHOR exclusively assigns the rights of public communication, reproduction, distribution and sale for commercial exploitation to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, for the maximum legal term in force -the entire life of the author and seventy years after his death or declaration of death-, in any country, and in any of the current and future edition modalities, both in print and electronic versions.
In the event that the article is not accepted for publication , this transfer of rights lapses with the communication of the refusal to the AUTHOR.
The AUTHOR affirms that the article is unpublished, that it has not been sent simultaneously to another publication medium and that the rights have not been transferred exclusively previously. He is responsible to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service for the authorship and originality of his work, as well as for all pecuniary charges that may arise for the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, in favor of third parties due to actions, claims or conflicts arising from the breach of obligations by the AUTHOR.