Leire Moure-Peñín e-mail(Inicie sesión)

Contenido principal del artículo

Autores/as

Leire Moure-Peñín e-mail(Inicie sesión)

Resumen

0

La sociedad internacional de nuestros días se enfrenta a una serie de crisis interconectadas que amenazan el orden, la estabilidad y el bienestar en múltiples niveles. El concepto de policrisis se refiere precisamente a esta realidad. Incide en una conjunción de riesgos globales que incluyen el cambio climático, las pandemias, la inestabilidad económica, los conflictos geopolíticos y los desplazamientos masivos, entre otros. Estas crisis no son fenómenos aislados, son interdependientes y ocasionan impactos que se amplifican y retroalimentan de manera impredecible, reflejando la intrincada red de causas y efectos que caracteriza a un mundo interconectado. Este estudio sostiene que una aproximación desde la lógica de la complejidad ofrece un enfoque valioso para analizar y comprender la naturaleza de la policrisis e invita a considerar la dinámica no lineal de los distintos riesgos globales, la capacidad adaptativa del sistema internacional y las interacciones entre las partes y el todo. Ello implica en última instancia abandonar las visiones teóricas reduccionistas del orden internacional ancladas en el racionalismo en Relaciones Internacionales.

Palabras clave

policrisis, complejidad, sistemas adaptativos complejos, teoría de las relaciones internacionales

Referencias

Alastair, B., ≪Polycrisis? What polycrisis?≫, Engelsberg Ideas, 5 de Septiembre de 2023. https://engelsbergideas.com/notebook/polycrisis-what-polycrisis/

Alim, E., ≪Complexity in World Affairs and the Ways to Cope with It≫ en S. S. Erçetin, Açikalin, Ş. N. y Vajzović, E. (eds.), Chaos, Complexity and Leadership 2020, Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2021, pp. 275-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74057-3_21

Alter, K. J. y RAUSTIALA, K., ≪The rise of international regime complexity≫, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, vol. 14, 2018, pp. 329-349. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101317-030830

ARTHUR, W. B., Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1994. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10029

Axelrod, R. y Tesfatsion, L., ≪A guide for newcomers to agent-based modeling in the social sciences≫ en Tesfatsion, L. y Judd, K. L. (eds.), Handbook of Computational Economics: Agent-Based Computational Economics, North-Holland Publishing, 2006, Amsterdam, pp. 1647-1659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0021(05)02044-7

Axelrod, R., The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400822300

Axelrod, R., ≪A model of the emergence of new political actors≫ en N. GILBERT y R. CONTE (eds.), Artificial societies: the computer simulation of social life, Routledge, London, 1995, pp. 19-39.

Axelrod, R., The evolution of cooperation, Basic Books, New York, 1984.

Bauman, Z., Liquid Modernity, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2000.

Bertalanffy, L. von, ≪The history and status of general systems theory≫, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 15, no 4, 1972, pp. 407-426. https://doi.org/10.2307/255139

Bertalanffy, L. von, General system theory: Foundations, development, applications, New York, George Braziller, 1968.

BEST, S. y Kellner, D., The postmodern turn, New York, Guilford Press, 1997.

BOUSQUET, A. y CURTIS, S., ≪Beyond models and metaphors: complexity theory, systems thinking and international relations≫, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 24, no 1, 2011, pp. 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2011.558054

Bowles, S., Microeconomics: Behavior, Institutions, and Evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400829316

Brosig, M., ≪Restricted complexity: a middle path between post-modern complexity theory and positivist mainstream IR. Complex systems and international governance≫, International Studies Review, vol. 22, no 4, 2019, pp. 1008-1038. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz005

BYRNE, D. y CALLAGHAN, G., Complexity theory and the social sciences: The state of the art, Routledge, New York, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003213574

CASTELLS, M., The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, Blackwell Publishers, New York, 1996-1998.

Cathalifaud, M. A. y Osorio, F., ≪Introduccion a los conceptos basicos de la teoria general de sistemas≫, Cinta de Moebio, no 3, 1998, pp. 1-12.

Cederman, L-E., ≪Modeling the size of wars: From billiard balls to sandpiles≫, American Political science review, 2003, vol. 97, no 1, pp. 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055403000571

Cederman, L-E., Emergent actors in world politics: how states and nations develop and dissolve, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691218038

Cederman, L-E. y WEIDMANN, N. B., ≪Predicting armed conflict: Time to adjust our expectations?≫, Science, vol. 355, 2017, pp. 474-476. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4483

Cederman, L-E., y Girardin, L., ≪Computational approaches to conflict research from modeling and data to computational diplomacy≫, Journal of Computational Science, vol. 72, 2023, pp. 102-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2023.102112

CENTENO, M, Callahan, P., LARCEY, P. y PATTERSON, T., ≪Globalization as Adaptive Complexity: Learning from Failure≫ en A. IZDEBSKI et al. (eds.), Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises, Risk, Systems and Decisions, Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2022. pp. 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94137-6_6

Cilliers, P., ≪Complexity theory as a general framework for sustainability science≫ en M. BURNS y A. WEAVER (eds.), Exploring sustainability science. A Southern African perspective, Stellenbosch, African SUN MeDIA, 2008, pp. 39-57.

Cilliers, P., Complexity and postmodernism: Understanding complex systems, Routledge, London, 2002. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203012253

CONDORELLI, R. et al., ≪Complex systems theory: some considerations for sociology ≫, Open Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no 07, 2016, pp. 422-448. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2016.67044

CUDWORTH, E. y HOBDEN, S., ≪Anarchy and anarchism: towards a theory of complex international systems≫, Millennium, vol. 39, no 2, 2010, pp. 399-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829810384677

DERBYSHIRE, J., ≪Year in a word: Polycrisis≫, Financial Times, 1 de enero, 2023. https://www.ft.com/content/f6c4f63c-aa71-46f0-a0a7-c2a4c4a3c0f1

DIXSON-DECLEVE, S., DUNLOP, K., RENDA, A., CHARVERIAT, C., BALLAND, P. A., IsAKSSON, D. y HUANG, A., ≪Transformation in the poly-crisis age≫, ESIR Policy Brief, no 5, Publications Office of the European Union, 2023.

EPSTEIN, J. M., Generative social science: Studies in agent-based computational modeling, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2007.

Foucault, M., Surveiller et punir. Naissance de la prison, Gallimard, Paris, 1975.

GADINGER, F. y PETERS, D., ≪Feedback loops in a world of complexity: a cybernetic approach at the interface of foreign policy analysis and international relations theory≫, Cambridge review of international affairs, vol. 29, no 1, 2016, pp. 251- 269. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2013.872599

GELLER, A., ≪The use of complexity-based models in international relations: a technical overview and discussion of prospects and challenges≫, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 24, no 1, 2011, pp. 63-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2011.559191

Gembillo, G., ≪El metodo del metodo de Edgar Morin≫, Gazeta de Antropologia, vol. 38, no 2, 2022, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.30827/Digibug.75995

Gilding, P., ≪The Great Disruption Has Begun≫, 3 de septiembre, 2023. https://www.paulgilding.com/cockatoo-chronicles/the-great-disruption-has-begun

Gorelik, G., ≪Bogdanov's Tektologia, general systems theory, and cybernetics≫, Cybernetics and Systems: An International Journal, vol. 18, no 2, 1987, pp. 157- 175. https://doi.org/10.1080/01969728708902134

HAAS, P. M. y WESTERN, J. ≪Governing Complexity in World Politics. Complexity ≫, Governance and Networks, vol. 6, no 1, 2020, pp. 55-67. https://doi.org/10.20377/cgn-104

Hanson, B. G., General systems theory: Beginning with wholes, Taylor & Francis, London, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315800783

HARALAMPAKI, E., ≪A Fresh Outlook on Order-Disorder Transition: The Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) Perspective≫ en F. ATTINA (ed.), World Order Transition and the Atlantic Area: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Analysis, Springer, London, 2021, pp. 67-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63038-6_4

HEDLUND, N. et al., ≪Introduction: On the deep need for integrative metatheory in the twenty-first century≫ en R. BHASKAR, S. ESBJORN-HARGENS, N. HEDLUND y M. HARTWIG (eds.), Metatheory for the twenty-first century, Routledge, London, 2015, pp. 1-34.

Heidemann, K. (ed.), Combating Crises from Below: Social responses to polycrisis in Europe, Maastricht University Press, Maastricht, 2023. https://doi.org/10.26481/mup.2301

Heidemann, K. ≪Introduction: Geometries of crisis and social action 'from below' ≫ en K. Heidemann (ed.), Combating Crises from Below: Social responses to polycrisis in Europe, Maastricht University Press, Maastricht, 2023, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.26481/mup.2301.00

HENIG, D. y KNIGHT, D. M., ≪Polycrisis: Prompts for an emerging worldview≫, Anthropology Today, vol. 39, no 2, 2023, pp. 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12793

Hobson, C., ≪Picking up Polycrisis: Narrating Entropy≫, 2 de noviembre 2022. https://imperfectnotes.substack.com/p/polycrisis.

Hobson, C., ≪Polycrisis and Metamorphosis: When Change Outpaces Comprehension ≫, 2 de septiembre, 2022. https://imperfectnotes.substack.com/p/polycrisis.

Hobson, C., ≪Polycrisis and Morbid Symptoms≫, 16 de diciembre 2022. https://imperfectnotes.substack.com/p/polycrisis.

Hobson, C., ≪Polycrisis in Autumn: Returning to Fukushima≫, 14 de November, 2022. https://imperfectnotes.substack.com/p/polycrisis.

Hobson, C., ≪Polycrisis: In this Valley of Dying Stars≫, 18 de Agosto, 2022. https://imperfectnotes.substack.com/p/polycrisis.

Hobson, C., ≪Seeing Polycrisis: Facing Fractals≫, 26 de Agosto, 2022. https://imperfectnotes.substack.com/p/polycrisis.

Holland, J. H., Emergence: From Chaos to Order, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198504092.001.0001

Holland, J. H., Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1995.

Holland, J. H., Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1975.

JACKSON, V., ≪Power, trust, and network complexity: three logics of hedging in Asian security≫, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, vol. 14, no 3, 2014, pp. 331-356. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcu005

Jameson, F., Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Duke University Press, Durham, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822378419

Janzwood, S. y PIEREDER, J., Complex systems approaches to global politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199743292-0278

JAYASURIYA, K., ≪Polycrisis or crises of capitalist social reproduction≫, Global Social Challenges Journal, vol. 1, 2023, pp. 1-9.

JERVIS, R., System effects: complexity in political and social life, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400822409

JOHNSON, S., Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software, Scribner, New York, 2001.

Juncker, J. C., ≪Speech at the Opening Plenary Session at the Ideas Lab 2018 ≪Europe - Back on Track≫ of the Centre for European Policy Studies (Brussels) ≫, European Commission Press Corner, 22 February 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_18_1121

Juncker, J. C., ≪Speech by President Jean-Claude Juncker at the Annual General Meeting of the Hellenic Federation of Enterprises≫, European Commission, 21 June 2016. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_16_2293

KAUFFMAN, S., At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.

KAVALSKI, E., Complexity thinking and the relational ethics of global life, Routledge, London, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315613529-3

KAVALSKI, E., ≪The fifth debate and the emergence of complex international relations theory: notes on the application of complexity theory to the study of international life≫, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 20, no 3, 2007, pp. 435-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570701574154

KISSANE, D., Beyond Anarchy: The Complex and Chaotic Dynamics of International Politics, ibid.-Verlag, Stuttgart, 2011.

KNYAZEVA, H., ≪The complex nonlinear thinking: Edgar Morin's demand of a reform of thinking and the contribution of synergetics≫, World Futures, vol. 60, no 5-6, 2004, pp. 389-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/02604020490471867

KOK, K., LOEBER, A. y GRIN, J., ≪Politics of complexity: Conceptualizing agency, power and powering in the transitional dynamics of complex adaptive systems ≫, Research Policy, vol. 50, no 3, 2021, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104183

KOUZEHGARI, S., SHAFAEE, M., y ASGARKHA, A. M., ≪Constraint of Newtonian Thinking in International Relations Studies≫, Contemporary Political Studies, vol. 8, no 24, 2017, pp. 73-93.

KUYPER, J. W., ≪Global democratization and international regime complexity≫, European Journal of International Relations, vol. 20, no 3, 2014, pp. 620-646. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066113497492

LAHDE, V., ≪The Polycrisis≫, Aeon, 17 de agosto de 2023. https://aeon.co/essays/the-case-for-polycrisis-as-a-keyword-of-our-interconnected-times

Latour, B., Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199256044.001.0001

Lawrence, M., Homer-Dixon, T., Janzwood, S., ROCKSTROM, J., Renn, O. y DONGES, J. F., ≪Global polycrisis: The causal mechanisms of crisis entanglement ≫, Cascade Institute Thechnical Paper, 2023, pp. 1-30. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4483556

Lawrence, M., Janzwood S. y Homer-Dixon, T., ≪'What Is a Global Polycrisis?' Version 2.0≫, Cascade Institute Discussion Paper, 2022. https://cascadeinstitute.org/technical-paper/what-is-a-globalpolycrisis/

LEHMANN, K. E., ≪Unfinished Transformation: The Three Phases of Complexity's Emergence into International Relations and Foreign Policy≫, Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 47, no 3, 2012, pp. 404-413. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836712454274

LEWIN, R., Complexity: Life at the edge of chaos, Chicago University Press, Chicago, 1999.

LI, A. et. al., ≪Challenges, tasks, and opportunities in modeling agent-based complex systems≫, Ecological Modelling, vol. 457, 2021, pp. 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109685

LOUTH, J., Imagining a complex world: science, order and international relations, Phd. Thesis, University of Adelaide, 2009.

LUHMANN, N., Social Systems, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1995.

Lyotard, J. F., La condition postmoderne: rapport sur le savoir, Editions de Minuit, Paris, 1979.

MALDONADO, C. y MEZZA-García, N., Introduciendo la complejidad en la politica y las relaciones internacionales, Universidad del Rosario, 2014.

MILLER, J. H. y PAGE, S. E., Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2007.

MITCHELL, M., Complexity: A Guided Tour, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195124415.001.0001

Morin, E., La methode vii. La methode de la methode, Armando Siciliano, Messina, 2021.

Morin, E., ≪La Tierra como Patria≫, Correo de la unesco, 4 de mayo de 2019. https://courier.unesco.org/es/articles/la-tierra-como-patria

Morin, E., Introduccion al pensamiento complejo, Gedisa, Madrid, 2009.

Morin, E., ≪Restricted complexity, general complexity≫, World Scientific, 2007, pp. 5-29. https://worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812707420_0002. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812707420_0002

Morin, E. .Hacia el abismo?: Globalizacion en el siglo xxi, Paidos, Barcelona, 2007.

Morin, E., La methode 5. L'humanite de l'humanite. L'identite humaine, Seuil, Paris, 2001.

Morin, E., La methode 6. Ethique, Seuil, Paris, 2004.

Morin, E., Los siete saberes para la educacion del futuro, unesco, Paris, 1999.

Morin, E. y Brigitte, K. A, Terre-Patrie, Ediciones du Seuil, Paris, 1993.

Morin, E., La methode 4. Les idees. Leur habitat, leur vie, leurs moeurs, leur organisation, Seuil, Paris, 1986.

Morin, E., La methode 3. La connaissance de la connaissance, Seuil, Paris, 1986.

Morin, E., La methode 2. El vie del vie, Seuil, Paris, 1980.

Morin, E., La methode 1. La nature de la nature, Seuil, Paris, 1977.

MULLARKEY, J., Post-continental philosophy: An outline, Continuum International Publishing Group, London, 2006.

O'REGAN, M., ≪Introduction Off the Grid and on the Road in Europe Living in an Age of Uncertainty and Polycrisis≫, Anthropological Journal of European Cultures, vol. 32, no 2, 2023, pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2023.320202

ORSINI, A., Le PRESTE, P., HAAS, P., Brosig, M., PATTBERG, P., WIDERBERG, O., GOMEZ-MERA, L., Morin, J-F., HARRISON N., GEYER, R. y CHANDLER, D., ≪Forum: Complex Systems and International Governance≫, International Studies Review, vol. 22, no 4, 2020, pp. 1008-1038. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz005

OSTROM, E., Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807763

PAVON, J., LOPEZ-PAREDES, A. y GALAN, J. M., ≪Modelado basado en agentes para el estudio de sistemas complejos≫, Novatica, vol. 218, 2012, pp. 1-20.

Pipere, A. y Mārtinsone, K., ≪Shaping an Image of Science in the 21st Century: The Perspective of Metamodernism≫, Societies, vol. 13, no 12, 2023, pp. 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13120254

POPOLO, D., A new science of international relations: modernity, complexity and the Kosovo conflicto, Routledge, London, 2016.

PRIGOGINE, I., La Fin des certitudes, Paris, Odile Jacob, 1996.

Renn, O., ≪Systemic Risks: The New Kid on the Block≫, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, vol. 58, no 2, 2016, pp. 26-36 Renn, O., LUCAS, K., HAAS, A., y JAEGER, C., ≪Things are different today: the challenge of global systemic risks≫, Journal of Risk Research, vol., 22, no 4, 2019, pp. 401-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2017.1409252

Richards, D. (ed.), Political complexity: Nonlinear models of politics, The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 2000. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.16428

ROBERT, J., System effects: complexity in political and social life, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1997.

RODRIGUEZ ZOYA, L. G. y Roggero, P., ≪Modelos basados en agentes: aportes epistemologicos y teoricos para la investigacion social≫, Revista Mexicana de Ciencia Politica y Sociologia, vol. 60, 2015, pp. 227-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0185-1918(15)30025-8

Roggero, P., ≪Les ideologues ne sont pas ceux qu'on pretend... Plaidoyer pour la ≪pensee complexe≫: Reponse a Sophie Chassat≫, Fondapol, 2023. https://publications.ut-capitole.fr/id/eprint/48353/

ROSENAU, J. N., Distant proximities, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691231112

ROSENAU, J. N., Turbulence in world politics: a theory of change and continuity, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691188522

Rowson, J., ≪Tasting the Pickle: Ten Flavours of Meta-Crisis and the Appetite for a New Civilisation≫, Perspectiva, 2021. https://systems-soulssociety.com/wpcontent/uploads/2021/02/Tasting-the-Pickle-TenFlavours.pdf

Rowson, J., ≪How to Think about the Meta-crisis without Getting too Excited≫, Emerge, 2020. https://www.whatisemerging.com/opinions/how-to-thinkabout-the-meta-crisis-without-getting-too-excited.

RUHL, J. B. y KATZ, D. M., ≪Harnessing the complexity of legal systems for governing global challenges≫ en V. GALAZ (ed.), Global challenges, governance, and complexity: Applications and frontiers, 2019, pp. 147-165. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788115421.00018

Scartozzi, C. M., ≪A New Taxonomy for International Relations: Rethinking the International System as a Complex Adaptive System≫, Journal on Policy and Complex Systems, vol. 4, no 1, 2018, pp. 109-133. https://doi.org/10.18278/jpcs.4.1.6

Schmidt, D. R, ≪Complexity in international society: theorizing fragmentation and linkages in primary and secondary institutions≫, Complexity, Governance & Networks, vol. 6, no 1, 2020, pp. 94-108. https://doi.org/10.20377/cgn-105

Seidman, S. (ed.), The postmodern turn: New perspectives on social theory, Cambridge University Press, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511570940

SERBAN, I. D., ≪The European Union: From a complex adaptive system to a policy interpreter≫, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 59, no 2, 2021, pp. 388-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13095

SKYTTNER, L., General systems theory: An introduction, Macmillan Press, London, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13532-5

SLAUGHTER, A-M., A New World Order, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2004.

Susen, S., The postmodern turn in the social sciences, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137318237

Tooze, A., ≪Welcome to the world of the polycrisis≫, Financial Times, 28 de octubre, 2022. https://adamtooze.com/

TRONDAL, J. et al. (ed.), Governing complexity in times of turbulence, Edward Elgar Publishing, London, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800889651.00010

TURNER, J. R. y BAKER, R. M., ≪Complexity theory: An overview with potential applications for the social sciences≫, Systems, 2019, vol. 7, no 1, pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems7010004

UNDP, Foresight Brief: Polycrisis and Long-term Thinking, New York, 2022.

unesco, Edgar Morin: 100 anos de un maestro universal. https://www.unesco.org/es/articles/edgar-morin-100-anos-de-un-maestro-universal.

unesco, Posibles aun invisibles: Edgar Morin y el realismo de la utopia: los siete saberes y la agenda 2030, unesco, Paris, 2021.

unicef, Prospects for Children in the Polycrisis: A 2023 Global Outlook, New York, 2023.

WALDROP, M., Complexity: The emerging science at the edge of order and chaos, Penguin, London, 1994.

Walsh, Z., ≪The global polycrisis reflects a civilizational crisis that calls for systemic alternatives≫, Omega, 18 de junio de 2023. https://omega.ngo/2023/06/the-global-polycrisis-reflects-a-civilizational-crisis-that-calls-for-systemicalternatives/

Walsh, Z., Global Polycrisis as a Pathway for Economic Transition, UNDP Strategic Innovation. https://medium.com/@undp.innovation/global-polycrisis-as-apathway-for-economic-transition-8c0482bd2461

WINSTON, C., ≪International Norms as Emergent Properties of Complex Adaptive Systems≫, International Studies Quarterly, vol. 67, no 3, 2023, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqad063

WOERMANN, M., HUMAN, O. y PREISER, R., ≪General complexity: A philosophical and critical perspective≫, Emergence: Complexity and Organization, vol. 20, no 2, 2018, p. 1-18.

World Economic Forum, The Global Risks Perception Survey 2022-2023, Geneva, 2023.

World Economic Forum The Global Risks Report 2023, 18th Edition, Geneva, 2023.

ZEITLIN, J. y NICOLI, F. (eds.), The European Union Beyond the Polycrisis?: Integration and politicization in an age of shifting cleavages, Routledge, London, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003002215

Métricas

Search GoogleScholar


Detalles

Detalles del artículo

Sección
Estudios doctrinales