Cross-cutting exposure to the Spanish public broadcasting system: influence of ideology, partisanship, and interest in politics on RTVE’s consumption
Article Sidebar
0)
Main Article Content
Authors
Abstract
0
According to the selective exposure hypothesis, media consumption is determined by the ideological predispositions of individuals, who aim to confirm their opinions through media content. This research explores the role of the public state-owned radio and television corporation, Radio Televisión Española (RTVE), as a facilitator of transversal exposure, that is, consumption that is not aligned with individuals’ prior convictions. Through a quantitative methodology based on contingency tables and the calculation of corrected typed residuals, and through the CIS post-electoral studies, we analyse the relevance of ideology, partisan identification and interest in public issues as predictors of public television and radio consumption over a period of 11 years (2008-2019) in Spain. The results indicate that being a voter of the party in government and sharing its ideology are related to a higher likelihood of consuming RTVE television channels. In addition, the results show a higher transversal exposure of public radio, compared to television, which is more strongly influenced by the ideology and partisanship of the audiences.
Keywords
References
Arriaza-Ibarra, K. (2013). The situation of national and regional public television in Spain. Nordicom Review, 34(1), 145-156. https://www.doi.org/10.2478/nor-2013-0048
Azurmendi, A., Muñoz Saldaña, M. & Ortega Mohedano, F. (2018). Independencia de los políticos y participación de los ciudadanos: dos demandas del Servicio Público Audiovisual en el entorno digital en España. Communication & Society, 31(3), 111-140. https://www.doi.org/10.15581/003.31.3.111-138
Bennett, J. (2008). Interfacing the nation: Remediating public service broadcasting in the digital television age. Convergence, 14(3), 277-294. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1354856508091081
Bennett, W. L. & Iyengar, S. (2008). A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication. Journal of Communication, 58, 707-731. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x
Bustamante, E. (2016): La transformación externa de la televisión autonómica: propuestas y reflexiones para el futuro en la regulación, la redefinición de la misión de servicio público y la relación con el público. In A. Azurmendi & I. Huarte (Eds.), Retos de Futuro de la Televisión Autonómica (pp. 9-22). Pamplona: Servicio Publicaciones Universidad de Navarra.
Castro-Herrero, L., Nir, L. & Skovsgaard, M. (2018). Bridging gaps in cross-cutting media exposure: The role of public service broadcasting. Political Communication, 35(4), 542-565. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2018.1476424
Dahlgren, P. M. (2019). Selective exposure to public service news over thirty years: The role of ideological leaning, party support, and political interest. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 24(3), 293-314. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1940161219836223
Delli Carpini, M. X. (2004). Mediating democratic engagement: The impact of communications on citizens’ involvement in political and civic Life. In L. L. Kaid (Ed.), Handbook of political communication research (pp. 395-434). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum
Fernández-Alonso, I. & Fernández-Viso, A. (2012). Internal pluralism in the governance of public service broadcasters in Spain and the role of social groups and professionals. The case of RTVE. Communication & Society, 25(2), 203-230. https://www.doi.org/10.15581/003.25.36167
Festinger, L. (1957). La teoría de la disonancia cognoscitiva. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Políticos.
Fraile, M. & Meilán, X. (2012). Los medios de comunicación y la información política en las elecciones europeas de 2009. In J. Font & M. Torcal (Eds.), Las elecciones europeas de 2009 (pp. 109-138). Madrid: CIS.
Frey, D. (1986). Recent research on selective exposure to information. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 41-80). New York: Academic Press.
Goldman, S. K. & Mutz, D. C. (2011). The friendly media phenomenon: A cross-national analysis of cross-cutting exposure. Political Communication, 28, 42-66. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2010.544280
Goyanes, M., Costa-Sánchez, C. & Demeter, M. (2021). The social construction of Spanish public television: The role and function of TVE in a multiplatform environment. International Journal of Communication, 15, 3782-3801. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17055
Hallin, D. C. & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Humanes, M. L. (2014). Exposición selectiva y partidismo de las audiencias en España. El consumo de información política durante las campañas electorales de 2008 y 2011. Palabra Clave, 17(3), 773-802. https://www.doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2014.17.3.9
Humanes, M. L. (2016). Exposición selectiva, partidismo y polarización de las audiencias de los medios en España. In A. Casero (Ed.), Periodismo y democracia en el entorno digital (pp. 37-52). Madrid: SEP.
Humanes, M. L. & Mellado, C. (2017). Modelos explicativos de la exposición selectiva a la información política y partidismo de las audiencias en España. Comunicación presentada en la IAMCR Conference: “Transforming Culture, Politics & Communication: New media, new territories, new discourses”. Cartagena de Indias, 16-20 julio, 2017.
Humanes, M. L. & Valera-Ordaz, L. (2023). Partisanship, Ideology, and Selective Exposure: A Longitudinal Analysis of Media Consumption in Spain (2008-2019). Media and Communication, 11(2), pp. 113-126. https://www.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i2.6280
Iyengar, S. & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 19-39. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x
Iyengar, S., Curran, J., Lund, A. B., Salovaara‐Moring, I., Hahn, K. S. & Coen, S. (2010). Cross‐national versus individual‐level differences in political information: A media systems perspective. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 20(3), 291-309. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2010.490707
Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2012). Selective exposure and reinforcement of attitudes and partisanship before a presidential election. Journal of Communication, 62(4), 628-642. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01651.x
Lazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B. & Gaudet, H. (1948). The People’s Choice. New York: Columbia University Press.
Meilán, X. (2010). Causas y consecuencias del consumo de información política en España (2000-2009). Madrid: CIS.
Moragas, M. D. & Prado, E. (2000). La televisió pública a l’era digital. Barcelona: Pòrtic comunicación.
Mutz, D. C. & Martin P. S. (2001) Facilitating communication across lines of political difference: The role of mass media. American Political Science Review, 95(1), 97-114. https://www.doi.org/10.1017/S0003055401000223
Mutz, D. C. (2002). The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation. American Journal of Political Science, 46(4), 838-855. https://www.doi.org/10.2307/3088437
Mutz, D. C. (2006). Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mutz, D. C. & Young, L. (2011). Communication and Public Opinion Plus Ça Change? Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(5), 1018-1044. https://www.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr052
Nissen, C. S. (2006). Les médias de service public dans la société de l’information. Division Médias, Direction Générale des droits de l’homme, Conseil de l’Europe.
Pattie, C. & Johnston, R. (2008). It’s Good to Talk: Talk, Disagreement and Tolerance. British Journal of Political Science, 38(4), 677-698. https://www.doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000331
Pfau, M., Houston, B. J. & Semmler, S. M. (2007). Mediating the vote: The changing media landscape in US presidential campaigns. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
Prior, M. (2007). Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ramírez-Dueñas, J. M. & Vinuesa-Tejero, M. L. (2021). How does selective exposure affect partisan polarisation? Media consumption on electoral campaigns. Journal of International Communication, 27(2), 258-282. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2021.1899957
Ramírez-Dueñas, J. M. & Humanes, M. L. (2023). Exposición selectiva y polarización de audiencias. Un análisis a través del consumo acumulado de información política en España. Cuadernos.Info, (56), 1-21. https://www.doi.org/10.7764/cdi.56.59797
Ramsey, P. (2017). Commercial public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom: Public service television, regulation, and the market. Television & New Media, 18(7), 639-654. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1527476416677113
Rodríguez-Virgili, J., Sierra, A. & Serrano-Puche, J. (2022). Motivations for News Exposure in Different Media Systems: A Comparative Study of Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. Communication Today, 13(1). Retrieved from https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1040703
Sintes-Olivella, M., Fondevila-Gascón, J. F. & Berbel-Giménez, G. (2023). Television and pro-Independence Sentiment in Catalonia. Selective Exposure of Catalan Television Viewers during the Independence-Seeking Process in Catalonia (2015-2020). Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 181, 101-116. https://www.doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.181.101
Skovsgaard, M., Shehata, A. & Strömbäck, J. (2016). Opportunity structures for selective exposure: Investigating selective exposure and learning in Swedish election campaigns using panel survey data. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 21(4), 527-546. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1940161216658157
Strömbäck, J. & Shehata, A. (2010). Media malaise or a virtuous circle? Exploring the causal relationships between news media exposure, political news attention and political interest. European Journal of Political Research, 49(5), 575-597. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01913.x
Strömbäck, J., Djerf-Pierre, M. & Shehata, A. (2013). The Dynamics of Political Interest and News Media Consumption: A Longitudinal Perspective. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 25(4), 414-435. https://www.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/eds018
Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behaviour, 30, 341-366. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s11109-007-9050-9
Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and partisan selective exposure. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 556-576. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x
Stroud, N. J. (2011). Niche news: The politics of news choice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sunstein, C. (2001). Republic.com. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Valera-Ordaz, L. (2018). Medios, identidad nacional y exposición selectiva: predictores de preferencias mediáticas de los catalanes. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 164, 135-154. https://www.doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.164.135
Valera-Ordaz, L., Mora, M. R. & Pop, I. A. (2021). Ideología y exposición selectiva: El consumo mediático de los españoles durante la campaña de abril de 2019. In G. López García & E. Campos Domínguez (Eds.), Redes en campaña: Liderazgos y mensajes en las elecciones de 2019 (pp. 157–174). Salamanca: Comunicación Social.
Valera-Ordaz, L. (2022). Political Identity and News Media Choice: The Polarizing Logic of Selective Exposure During the Catalan Independence Conflict. Mass Communication and Society, 26(2) 326-352. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2022.2127366
Valera-Ordaz, L. & Humanes, M. L. (2022). What drives selective exposure to political information in Spain? Comparing political interest and ideology. In Contemporary politics, communication, and the impact on democracy (pp. 93–112). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Valera-Ordaz, L. (2023). Research on selective media exposure in Spain: a critical review of its findings, application phases, and blind spots. Profesional de la información, 32(5). https://www.doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.sep.07
Van Aelst, P., Strömbäck, J., Aalberg, T., Esser, F., de Vreese, C., Matthes, J., Hopmann, D., Salgado, S., Hubé, N., Stepinska, A., Papathanassopoulos, S., Berganza, R., Legante, G., Reinemann, C., Sheafer, T. & Stanyer, J. (2017). Political communication in a high-choice media environment: a challenge for democracy? Annals of the International Communication Association, 41(1), 3-27. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1288551
Van Dalen, A., de Vreese, C. & Albaek, E. (2012). Different Roles, Different Content? A Four-Country Comparison of the Role Conceptions and Reporting Style of Political Journalists. Journalism, 13(7), 903-922. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1464884911431538
Metrics
|
|
Details
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
RIGHTS TRANSFER
By submitting the article for evaluation and subsequent publication in Communication & Society, the AUTHOR exclusively assigns the rights of public communication, reproduction, distribution and sale for commercial exploitation to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, for the maximum legal term in force -the entire life of the author and seventy years after his death or declaration of death-, in any country, and in any of the current and future edition modalities, both in print and electronic versions.
In the event that the article is not accepted for publication , this transfer of rights lapses with the communication of the refusal to the AUTHOR.
The AUTHOR affirms that the article is unpublished, that it has not been sent simultaneously to another publication medium and that the rights have not been transferred exclusively previously. He is responsible to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service for the authorship and originality of his work, as well as for all pecuniary charges that may arise for the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, in favor of third parties due to actions, claims or conflicts arising from the breach of obligations by the AUTHOR.
