Engaging citizens in sports mega-events: the participatory strategic approach of Tokyo 2020 Olympic
Article Sidebar
396)
Main Article Content
Authors
Abstract
547
The city of Tokyo has initiated the implementation of its comprehensive strategy for hosting its second Olympic Games in 2020. The foundation plan of the 2020 Games identifies the engagement strategy as one of the key strategic pillars of the event aimed at ensuring an inclusive and active participatory nature of the Games celebration. The research is guided by an exploratory case study approach to assess the citizen engagement strategy and participatory frameworks within the context of the Olympic mega-event to be held in Tokyo in 2020. The examination of some innovative initiatives in the pre-game period such as the national call for the creation of Olympic medals, the Olympic mascots selection process and the Volunteering program, reveals a series meaningful drivers of citizen engagement strategy of Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games ranging from the access to a specific Olympic knowledge and sports experience to a personal self-realization and community empowerment, among others. The research aims at contributing to further academic discussion and effective practice of citizens´ engagement in place making through sports mega-events in such a way as to ensure a truly inclusive, inspiring and meaningful nature of these global happenings.
References
Alves, H. (2013). Co-creation and innovation in public services. The Service Industries Journal, 33:7,8, 671-682. DOI: 10.1080/02642069.2013.740468.
Andranovich, G. & Burbank, M. J. (2011). Contextualizing Olympic Legacies. Urban Geography, 32:6, 823-844. DOI: 10.2747/0272-3638.32.6.823.
Anholt, S. (2010) Places: Identity, Image and Reputation. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bennett, W. L., Wells, Ch. & Rank, A. (2009). Young citizens and civic learning: two paradigms of citizenship in the digital age. Citizenship Studies, 13:2, 105-120. DOI: 10.1080/13621020902731116.
Callahan, K. (1999). The Challenge of Promoting and Sustaining Meaningful Citizen Participation. International Review of Public Administration, 4:2, 23-31, DOI: 10.1080/12294659.1999.10804930.
Callahan, K. (2007). Citizen Participation: Models and Methods. Journal of Public Administration, 30:11, 1179–1196. DOI: 10.1080/01900690701225366.
Cashman, R. (2006). The bitter-sweet awakening: The Legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Sydney: Walla Walla Press.
Deccio, C. & Baloglu, S. (2002). Nonhost community resident reactions to the 2002 Winter Olympics: the spillover impacts. Journal of Travel Research, 41:1, 46-56. DOI: 10.1177/0047287502041001006.
De Groote, P. (2005). Economic and tourism aspects of the Olympic Games. Tourism Review, 60:3, 20-28.
Dinnie, K. (Ed.) (2011). City Branding. Theory and Casses. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
Edelson, N. (2011). Inclusivity as an Olympic Event at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Games. Urban Geography, 32:6, 804-822. DOI: 10.2747/0272-3638.32.6.84.
Essex, S. & Chalkley, B. (1998). Olympic Games: catalyst of urban change. Leisure Studies, 17:3, 187-206. DOI: 10.1080/026143698375123.
Essex, S. & Chalkley, B. (1999). Urban development through hosting international events: a history of the Olympic Games. Planning Perspectives, 14:4, 369-394. DOI: 10.1080/026654399364184.
Florek, M. & Insch, A. (2011). When Fit Matters: Leveraging Destination and Event Image Congruence. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 20(3), 265-286. DOI: 10.1080/19368623.2011.562413.
Florida, R. (2002). The creative class. In R. T. Le Gates & F. Stout (Eds.), The City Reader (pp. 43-149), fifth edition, 2011. London and New York: Routledge Urban Reader Series.
Florida, R. (2008). Who’s your city? How the creative economy is making where to live the most important decision of your life. Nueva York: Basic Books.
Fredline, E. (2004). Host community reactions to motorsports events: the perception of impact on quality of life. In B. Ritchie & D. Aidar (Eds.), Sport tourism: Interrelationships, impacts and issues (pp. 155-173). Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
Future Brand (2018). Country Brand Index 2014-2015. Retrieved from https://www.futurebrand.com/uploads/CBI2014-5.pdf.
García, B. (2012). The Olympic Games and Cultural Policy. New York: Routledge.
García, B. (2008). One hundred years of cultural programming within the Olympic Games (1912–2012): origins, evolution and projections. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 14(4), 361-376.
Girardet, H. (2009). Creating sustainable cities. Schumacher Briefings 2. Green Books for the Schumacher Society.
Girginova, K. (2017). Let the games begin: social media and creative citizenship during London´s Olympic #savethesurprise campaign. Digital Creativity, 28:1, 8-23. DOI: 10.1080/14626268.2017.1288143.
Go, F. M & Govers, R. (2011). International Place Branding Yearbook: managing reputation under competing pressures. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hiramatsu, K. (2017). Corporate Communications Division, Dentsu. Personal interview August 11, 2017.
Kennelly, J. (2017). Symbolic Violence and the Olympic Games: low-income youth, social legacy commitments, and urban exclusion in Olympic host cities. Journal of Youth Studies, 20:2, 145-161. DOI: 10.1080/13676262.2016.1206868.
Kietlinski, R. (2011). One world one dream? Twenty-first century Japanese perspectives on hosting the Olympic Games. Sports in Society, 14:4, 454-465, DOI: 10.1080/17430437.2011.565924.
Kolamo, S. & Vuolteenaho, J. (2013). The interplay of mediascapes and cityscapes in a sports mega-event: The power dynamics of place branding in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. The International Communication Gazette, 75:5-6, 502-520. DOI: 10.1177/1748048513491908.
Kolotouchkina, O. & Seisdedos, G. (2016). The urban cultural appeal matrix: Identifying key elements of the cultural city brand profile using the example of Madrid. Place Branding and Pubic Diplomacy, 12, 59-67. DOI: 10.1057/pb.2015.24.
Kolotouchkina, O. & Moreno, P. (2017). Comunicación digital urbana: retos y perspectivas. Análisis comparativo de seis capitales europeas. In M. Linares Herrera et al. (Eds.), Innovación Universitaria: digitalización 2.0 y excelencia en contenidos. Madrid: McGrawHill Education.
Landry, Ch. (2011). Creativity, Culture & the City: A question of interconnection. Forum D’Avignon Ruhr, ECCE. Retrieved from http://www.forumavignon.org/sites/default/files/editeur/ECCE_report.pdf.
Lavier, T. (2017). International Communication Section Tokyo 2020. Personal interview, July 27, 2017, Tokyo.
Lepofsky, J. & Frasaer, J. C. (2003). Building Community Citizens: Claiming the Right to Place-making in the City. Urban Studies, 40:1, 127–142.
Misener, L. & Mason, D. (2006). Developing Local Citizenship through Sporting Events: Balancing Community Involvement and Tourism Development. Current Issues in Tourism, 9:4-5, 384-398.
MMF (2016). Global Power City Index. Retrieved from: http://www.mori-mfoundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/.
Nippon.com (2017). Astounding the World with refined wit. Interview with Sasaki Hiroshi, Creative Director of the Tokyo Olympics “Sneak Prevew” at Rio (22.04.2017). Retrieved from http://www.nippon.com/en/people/e00112/.
Nonaka, M. (2017). Vice president Weber Shandwick Japan. Personal interview, July 8 2017, Tokyo.
Nye, J. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616:1, 94-109.
Ogawa, T. (2009). Origin and Development of Japan’s Public Diplomacy. In N. Snow & Ph. M. Taylor (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (pp. 270-281). New York and London: Routledge.
Oliveira, E. & Panyik, E. (2015). Content, context and co-creation: Digital challenges in destination branding with references to Portugal as a tourist destination. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 21(1), 53-74. DOI: 10.1177/1356766714544235.
Polletta, F. (2016). Participatory enthusiasms: a recent history of citizen engagement initiatives. Journal of Civil Society, 12(3), 231-246. DOI: 10.1080/17448689.2016.1213505.
Reputation Institute (2015). 2015 City RepTrak® The World’s Most Reputable Cities. Retrieved from https://www.reputationinstitute.com/Resources/Registered/PDF-Resources/CityRepTrak-Report-2015.aspx.
Schausteck de Almeida, B., Marchi Júnior, W. & Pike, E. (2014). The 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games and Brazil´s soft power. Contemporary Social Science, 9:2, 271-283. DOI: 10.1080/21582041.2013.838291.
Shimizu, S. (2014). Tokyo - Bidding for the Olympics and the Discrepancies of Nationalism. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 31:6, 601-617. DOI: 10.1080/09523367.2013.878501.
Snow, N. (2009) Rethinking Public Diplomacy. In N. Snow & Ph. M. Taylor (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (pp. 3-11). New York and London: Routledge.
Snow (2015). The Heart of a City. Place-branding in the 21st century. The Journal.28-29. Retrieved from https://journal.accj.or.jp/the-heart-of-a-city/.
Snow, N. (2016). Deconstructing Japan´s PR. Where is the public? In J. L’Etang, D. McKie, N.
Snow & J. Xifra (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Critical Public Relations (pp. 321-334). New York and London: Routledge.
Snow, N. (2017). Why Yuriko Koike is the new face of brand Japan. In Japan Times (12.07.2017). Retrieved from https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2017/07/12/commentary/japancommentary/yuriko-koike-new-face-brand-japan/#.Wnb2OKjibIU.
Tham, A., Croy, G. & Mair, J. (2013). Social media in destination choice: distinctive electronic word-of-mouth dimensions. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30, 144–155. DOI: 10.1080/10548408.2013.751272.
Tokyo 2020 (2017). Tokyo 2020 official website. Retrieved from: https://tokyo2020.jp/en/. Wells, Ch. (2010). Citizenship and communication in online youth civic engagement projects. Information, Communication & Society, 13:3, 419-441. DOI: 10.1080/13691180902833208.
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case Study Research Design and Methods. Los Angeles: SAGE.
Zenker, S. & Erfgen, C. (2014). Let them do the work: a participatory place branding approach. Journal of Place Management and Development, 7(3), 225-234. DOI: 10.1108/JPMD-06-2013-0016.
Metrics
|
|
Details
Article Details
RIGHTS TRANSFER
By submitting the article for evaluation and subsequent publication in Communication & Society, the AUTHOR exclusively assigns the rights of public communication, reproduction, distribution and sale for commercial exploitation to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, for the maximum legal term in force -the entire life of the author and seventy years after his death or declaration of death-, in any country, and in any of the current and future edition modalities, both in print and electronic versions.
In the event that the article is not accepted for publication , this transfer of rights lapses with the communication of the refusal to the AUTHOR.
The AUTHOR affirms that the article is unpublished, that it has not been sent simultaneously to another publication medium and that the rights have not been transferred exclusively previously. He is responsible to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service for the authorship and originality of his work, as well as for all pecuniary charges that may arise for the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, in favor of third parties due to actions, claims or conflicts arising from the breach of obligations by the AUTHOR.
