Framing as a tool for mediatic diplomacy analysis: study of George W. Bush’s political discourse in the “War on Terror”
Article Sidebar
142)
Main Article Content
Authors
Abstract
278
to which States and other organizations resort in order to achieve political objectives abroad and to establish positive relations with foreign publics. It is an activity that has evolved to adapt to the new global context, adding new characteristics and giving place to the so-called “new public diplomacy”. One of the different variants of public diplomacy is mediatic diplomacy, whose end is to get the public diplomacy’s message transmitted by institutional media or to get a positive coverage by foreign media. This article proposes a specific process to apply the framing theory as a tool for political discourse analysis, an essential element of mediatic diplomacy. The process is applied to George W. Bush’s political discourse during the first months of the “War on Terror”.
Keywords
References
ALBA, Santiago, Washington contra el mundo, Foca, Madrid, 2003 .
ALONSO, Gabriel, MANFREDI, Juan Luis., RUBIO, Rafael (eds.), Retos de nuestra acción exterior: Diplomacia pública y Marca España. Colección Escuela Diplomática, 2012 .
AZPÍROZ, María Luisa, La diplomacia pública estadounidense de la “Guerra contra el Terror”. Análisis y evaluación de la influencia del mensaje político en la prensa española, Universidad de Navarra, doctoral thesis defended on December 16, 2011 .
BARBÉ, Esther, ¿Existe una brecha transatlántica? Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea tras la crisis de Irak, Catarata, Madrid, 2005 .
BLINKEN, Antony J., “From Preemption to Engagement”, Survival, vol. 45, nº 4, 2003, pp. 33- 60 .
BOTES, Marina, The Public Diplomacy of the United States of America in the War on Terror, Dissertation, University of Pretoria, 2007 . http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11192007-141127/unrestricted/dissertation.pdf [access November 10, 2012] .
BUSH, George W., Decision Points, Virgin, London, 2010 .
CASTELLS, Manuel, “The New Public Sphere: Global Civil Society, Communication Networks, and Global Governance”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 616, nº 1, 2008, pp. 78-93 .
COWAN, Geoffrey, ARSENAULT, Amelia, “Moving from Monologue to Dialogue to Collaboration: The Three Layers of Public Diplomacy”, The Annals of the American Academy and Political Science, vol. 616, nº 10, 2008, pp. 10-30 .
CULL, Nicholas J, “Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the Past”, CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy, Figueroa Press, Los Angeles, 2009 .
CUTLIP, Scott M., CENTER, Allen H., BROOM, Glen M., Effective Public Relations, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1985 .
ENTMAN, Robert M., “Theorizing Mediated Public Diplomacy: The U.S. Case”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, vol. 13, nº 2, 2008, pp. 87-102 .
ENTMAN, Robert M, Projections of Power. Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2004 .
FINLAN, Alastair. “International Security”, in BUCKLEY, M., SINGH, R., The Bush Doctrine and the War on Terrorism. Global Responses, Global Consequences, Routledge, New York, 2006, pp. 150-164 .
FITZPATRICK, Kathy R., “Advancing the New Public Diplomacy: A Public Relations Perspective”, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, vol. 2, nº 3, 2007, pp. 187-211 .
GAMSON, William A., MODIGLIANI, Andre, “Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach”, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 95, nº 1, 1989, pp 1-37 .
HOFFMAN, David, “Beyond Public Diplomacy: Weapons of Mass Communication”, Foreign Affairs, vol. 81, nº 2, 2002, pp. 83-95 .
KINDER, Donald R., NELSON, Thomas E., “Democratic Debate and Real Opinions”, in CALLAGHAN, Karen J., SCHNELL, Frauke, Framing American Politics, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 2005, pp. 103-123 .
KRASNO, Jean E., SUTTERLIN, James S., The United Nations and Iraq. Defanging the Viper, Praeger, Westport, CT, 2003 .
KUYPERS, Jim A., “Framing Analysis from a Rhetorical Perspective”, in D´ANGELO, Paul, KUYPERS, Jim A., Doing News Framing Analysis. Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives, Routledge, New York, 2009, pp. 286-312 .
LA PORTE, María Teresa, “The Power of the European Union in Global Governance: A Proposal for a New Public Diplomacy”, CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy, Paper 1, Figueroa Press, Los Angeles, 2011 .
LA PORTE, María Teresa, “La diplomacia pública americana. Lecciones para una comunicación internacional”, Comunicación y Sociedad, vol. 20, nº 2, 2007, pp. 23-59 .
MANFREDI, Juan Luis, “Hacia una teoría comunicativa de la diplomacia pública”, Comunicación y Sociedad, vol. 24, nº 2, 2011, pp. 199-225 .
MELISSEN, Jan, The New Public Diplomacy. Soft Power in International Relations, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2005 .
NIKOLAEV, Alexander G., HAKANEN, Ernest A., Leading to the 2003 Iraq War. The Global Media Debate, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2006 .
NOYA, Javier, Diplomacia pública para el siglo XXI. La gestión de la imagen exterior y la opinión pública internacional, Ariel, Barcelona, 2007 .
SÁDABA, Teresa, Framing, el encuadre de las noticias. El binomio terrorismo-medios, La Crujía, Buenos Aires, 2008 .
SEIB, Philip, Toward a New Public Diplomacy. Redirecting U.S. Foreign Policy, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009 .
SHUE, Henry, RHODIN, David, Preemption. Military Action and Moral Justification, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007 .
SINGH, Robert, “The Bush Doctrine”, in BUCKLEY, Mary, SINGH, Robert, The Bush Doctrine and the War on Terrorism. Global Responses, Global Consequences, Routledge, New York, 2006, pp. 12-32.
SNOW, Nancy, TAYLOR, Philip M., “The Revival of the Propaganda State: U.S. Propaganda at Home and Abroad Since 9/11”, International Communication Gazette, vol. 68, 2006, pp. 389-407 .
SNOW, Nancy, Propaganda, Inc. Selling America´s Culture to the World, Seven Stories Press, New York, 2002 .
TANKARD, James W, “The Empirical Approach to the Study of Media Framing”, in REESE, Stephen D., GANDY, Oscar H.J., GRANT, August E., Framing Public Life .
Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 2001, pp. 95-106 .
TAYLOR, Philip M, “Can the Information War on Terror be Won? A Polemical Essay”, Media, War and Conflict, vol. 1, nº 1, 2008, pp. 118-124 .
VAN HAM, Peter, “Branding Territory: Inside the Wonderful Worlds of PR and IR Theory”, Millenium-Journal of International Studies, vol. 31, nº 2, 2002, pp. 249-269 .
Details
Article Details
RIGHTS TRANSFER
By submitting the article for evaluation and subsequent publication in Communication & Society, the AUTHOR exclusively assigns the rights of public communication, reproduction, distribution and sale for commercial exploitation to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, for the maximum legal term in force -the entire life of the author and seventy years after his death or declaration of death-, in any country, and in any of the current and future edition modalities, both in print and electronic versions.
In the event that the article is not accepted for publication , this transfer of rights lapses with the communication of the refusal to the AUTHOR.
The AUTHOR affirms that the article is unpublished, that it has not been sent simultaneously to another publication medium and that the rights have not been transferred exclusively previously. He is responsible to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service for the authorship and originality of his work, as well as for all pecuniary charges that may arise for the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, in favor of third parties due to actions, claims or conflicts arising from the breach of obligations by the AUTHOR.
