Gender Role and Sexism in Spanish Magazine’s Advertisements: An Analysis of the Twentieth Century’s Last Three Decades
Main Article Content
Abstract
Keywords
References
BAKER, Christina N, “Images of Women Sexuality in Advertisements: A Content Analysis of Black- and White-Oriented Women’s and Men Magazines”, Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, Vol. LII, nº 1-2, 2005, pp. 13-27;
BELCH Michael A., HOLGERSON, Barbro E., BELCH, George E., y KOPPMAN, Jerry, “Psychological and Cognitive Responses to Sex in Advertising”, Advances in Consumer Research, Andrew Michell Ed. Association of Consumer Research, 1981, pp. 424-427.
BIGNÉ, José Enrique, “Problemática de la audiencia y la publicidad ante los nuevos medios de comunicación”, Investigación y Marketing, nº. 36, 1991, pp. 14-27.
COURTNEY, Alice E., y WHIPPLE, Thomas W., “Female Role Portrayals in Advertising and Communication effectivenes: A Review”, Journal of Advertising, Vol. XIV, nº3, 1985, pp. 4-8.
DOMÍNGUEZ, Pedro J, “El Mercado publicitario español, ¿perspectives de crecimiento?, Investigación y Marketing, nº. 43, 1993, pp. 29-32.
EASTON, Geoff, y TONER, Catherine, “Women in Industrial Advertisements”, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. XII, 1983, pp. 145-149.
EMAKUNDE, ¿De Qué Habla Belgira Cuando Habla de Sexismo en Publicidad?, Emakunde/Insituto Vasco de la Mujer, Vitoria, 1997.
FERGUSON, Jill H., KRESHEL, Peggy J., y TINKHAM, Spencer F., “In the Pages of Ms: Sex Role Portrayals of Women in Advertising”, Journal of Advertising, Vol. XIX, nº 1, 1990, pp. 40-51.
FOX, Bonnie J., “Selling the Mechanized Household: 70 Years of Ads in Ladies Home Journal”, Gender & Society, Vol. IV, nº 1, 1990, pp. 25-40.
FURNHAM, Adrian, y SCHOFIELD, Sandra, “Sex-Role Stereotyping in British Radio Advertisements”, British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. XXV, 1986, pp. 165-171.
HOLSTI, Ole R, Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1969.
INFOADEX, Informe sobre la inversión en medios publicitarios 2003, Infoadex, Madrid, 2004.
INSTITUTO DE LA MUJER (Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales), Observatorio de la Publicidad. Informe de 1998, Instituto de la Mujer, Madrid, 1999.
JUARISTI, Patxi, ¿De Qué Hablamos Cuando Hablamos de Sexismo en la Publicidad?. Emakunde/Insituto Vasco de la Mujer, Vitoria, 1998.
KANG, Namjun, KARA, Ali, LASKEY, Harold A., y SEATON, Francis B., “A SAS Macro for Calculating Intercoder Agreement in Content Analysis”, Journal of Advertising, Vol. XXXII, nº 2, 1993, pp. 17-28.
KLASSEN, Michael L., JASPER, Cynthia, y SCHWATZ, Anne, “Men and Women: Images of Their Relationships in Magazine Advertisements”, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. XXXIII, nº 2, 1993, pp. 30-39.
KOLBE, Richard H., y BURNETT, Melissa S., “Content-Analysis Research: An Examination of Applications with Directives for Improving Research Reliability and Objectivity”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. XVIII, nº 3, 1991, pp. 243-250.
KRIPPENDORFF, Klaus, Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, 1980.
LAZIER, Linda, y KENDRICK, Alice G., “Women in Advertisements: Sizing Up the Images, Roles, and Functions”, en CREEDON, P.J. (ed.), Women in Mass Communication, Sage Publications, California, 1993, pp. 199-219.
LEÓN, José Luis, Los efectos de la publicidad, Ariel Comunicación, Barcelona, 1996.
LINDNER, Katharina, “Image of Women in General Interest and Fashion Magazine”, Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, Vol. LI, nº 7-8, 2004, pp. 409-421.
LÓPEZ PINTOR, Rafael, Sociología Industrial, (2ª ed), Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1990.
LYSONSKI, Steven, “Role Portrayals in British Advertisements”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. XIX, nº 7, 1985, pp. 37-55.
MANSTEAD, Antony S. R., y MCCULLOCH, Caroline, “Sex-Role Stereotyping in British Television Advertisements”, British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. XX, 1981, pp. 171- 180.
MAYS, Amy E., y BRADY, Donald L, “Women’s Changing Role Portrayals in Magazine Advertisements: 1955-1985”, Journal of Advertising, Vol. XX, 1991, pp.17-25.
MCARTHUR, Leslie Z., y RESKO, Beth G., “The Portrayal of Men and Women in American Television Commercials”, Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. XCVII, December, 1975, pp. 209-220.
MICHELL, Paul C., y TAYLOR, Wendy, “Polarising Trends in Female Role Portrayals in UK Advertising”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol.. XXIV, nº 5, 1990, pp. 41-49.
NAVARRO, Manuel, y MATEO, María José, Informe Juventud en España, Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales, Madrid, 1993.
NOWAK, Kjell, “Magazine Advertising in Sweden and the United States: Stable Paterns of Change, Variable Levels of Stability”, European Journal of Communication, Vol. V, 1990, pp. 393-422.
NUSSMEYER, Charlton E., y KING, Karen W., “A Content Analysis of the Advertising in Seventeen Magazine: 1976, 1986, 1996”, Proceedings of the 1999 Conference of the American Academy of Advertising. University of Florida, 1999, pp. 227-234.
PINGREE, Suzanne, HAWKINS, Robert, BUTLER, Matilda, y PAISLEY, William, “A Scale of Sexism”, Journal of Communication, Vol. XXIII, nº 4, 1976, pp. 193-200.
POLLAY, Richard W., “The Distorted Mirror: Reflections on the Unintended Consequences of Advertising”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. L, abril 1986, pp. 18-36.
REID, Leonard N., SALMON, Charles T., y SOLEY, Lawrence C., “The Nature of Sexual Content in Television Advertising: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Award-Winning Commercials”, Proceedings of the American Marketing Association, 1984, pp. 214-216.
ROTZOLL, Kim B.; HAEFNER, James E., y SANDAGE, Charles H., Advertising in Contemporary Society. South Western Publishing Co, Cincinnati, 1990.
ROYO, Marcelo, La publicidad como información: modelos de procesamiento y su relación con el proceso de dirección publicitaria, Ed. Servei de Publicacions de la Facultad de Ciencias económicas y Empresariales, Universitat de València, Valencia, 2001.
ROYO, Marcelo, Las creencias y actitudes hacia la publicidad, Ed. Servei de Publicacions de la Facultad de Ciencias económicas y Empresariales, Universitat de València, Valencia, 1998.
ROYO, Marcelo, El análisis de contenido de la publicidad desde la perspectiva del marketing y la comunicación de masas, Ed. Servei de Publicacions de la Facultad de Ciencias económicas y Empresariales, Universitat de València, Valencia, 1997.
ROYO, Marcelo, MIQUEL, Salvador, y CUENCA, Antonio Carlos, “Las críticas a la publicidad”, Esic Market, nº 97, julio - septiembre 1997, pp. 91-106.
SEXTON, Donald E., y HABERMAN, Phyllis, “Women in Magazine Advertisements”, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. XIV, nº 4, 1974, pp. 41-46.
SIU, Wai-sum, y AU, Alan K., “Women in Advertising: A Comparison of Television Advertisements in China and Singapore”, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. XV, nº 5, 1997, pp. 235-243.
SOLEY, Laurence C., y KURZBARD, Gary, “Sex in Advertising: A Comparison of 1964 and 1984 Magazine Advertisements”, Journal of Advertising, Vol. XV, nº 3, 1986, pp. 46-54.
SOLEY, Laurence C., y REID, Leonard N., “Taking It Off: Are Models in Magazines Ads Wearing Less?”, Journalism Quaterly, Vol. 65, winter, 1988, pp. 960-966.
UNIÓN DE CONSUMIDORES DE ESPAÑA, Programa de seguimiento y control de la publicidad y los medios de comunicación dirigidos a la mujer, Unión de consumidores de España (UCE), Madrid, 1995.
VENKATESAN, M., y LOSCO, Jean “Women in Magazines Ads: 1959-71”, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. XV, nº 5, 1975, pp. 49-54.
WILES, Charles R., y TJERNLUND, Anders, “A Comparison of Role Portrayal of Men and Women in Magazine Advertising in the USA and Sweden”, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. X, 1991, pp. 259-267.
Details
Article Details
RIGHTS TRANSFER
By submitting the article for evaluation and subsequent publication in Communication & Society, the AUTHOR exclusively assigns the rights of public communication, reproduction, distribution and sale for commercial exploitation to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, for the maximum legal term in force -the entire life of the author and seventy years after his death or declaration of death-, in any country, and in any of the current and future edition modalities, both in print and electronic versions.
In the event that the article is not accepted for publication , this transfer of rights lapses with the communication of the refusal to the AUTHOR.
The AUTHOR affirms that the article is unpublished, that it has not been sent simultaneously to another publication medium and that the rights have not been transferred exclusively previously. He is responsible to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service for the authorship and originality of his work, as well as for all pecuniary charges that may arise for the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, in favor of third parties due to actions, claims or conflicts arising from the breach of obligations by the AUTHOR.