Fact-checking platforms in Spanish. Features, organisation and method
Main Article Content
Abstract

Keywords
References
Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211–236. https://www.doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211.
Alonso-Muñoz, L. & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2017). Transparencia y monitorización en el entorno digital. Hacia una tipología de las plataformas impulsadas por la ciudadanía. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 72, 1351–1366. https://www.doi.org/10.4185/RLCS2017-1223.
Amazeen, M. A., Thorson, E., Muddiman, A. & Graves, L. (2015). A Comparison of Correction Formats: The Effectiveness and Effects of Rating Scale versus Contextual Corrections on Misinformation. Retrieved from http://www.americanpressinstitute.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/04/The-Effectiveness-of-Rating-Scales.pdf.
Amorós, M. (2018). Fake News. La verdad de las noticias falsas. Barcelona: Plataforma Editorial.
Bennett, W. L. & Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122–139. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317.
Bergström, A. & Jervelycke Belfrage, M. (2018). News in Social Media. Digital Journalism, 6(5), 583–598. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1423625.
Berinsky, A. J. (2015). Rumors and Health Care Reform: Experiments in Political Misinformation. British Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 241–262. https:// www.doi.org/10.1017/S0007123415000186.
Bloch, M. (1999). Historia e historiadores. Madrid: Akal.
Boczkowski, P. (2016). Las noticias falsas y el futuro del periodismo. Retrieved from https://www.infobae.com/opinion/2016/12/13/las-noticias-falsas-y-el-futuro-delperiodismo/
Brandtzaeg, P. B., Følstad, A. & Chaparro Domínguez, M. Á. (2017). How Journalists and Social Media Users Perceive Online Fact-Checking and Verification Services. Journalism Practice, agosto 201, 1–21. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1363657.
Brandtzaeg, P. B., Lüders, M., Spangenberg, J., Rath-Wiggins, L. & Følstad, A. (2016). Emerging Journalistic Verification Practices Concerning Social Media. Journalism Practice, 10(3), 323–342. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1020331.
Burkhardt, J. M. (2017). Chapter 1. History of Fake News. Library Technology Reports, 53(8), 5– 9. Cambridge Dictionary. (2018). Significado de fake news. Retrieved from https:// dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles/fake-news.
Cherubini, F. & Graves, L. (2016). The Rise of Fact-Checking Sites in Europe. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Retrieved from http://reutersinstitute.politics. ox.ac.uk/our-research/rise-fact-checking-sites-europe Choi, S. (2015). The Two-Step Flow of Communication in Twitter-Based Public Forums. Social Science Computer Review, 33(6), 696–711. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/ 0894439314556599.
Chomsky, N. & Ramonet, I. (1995). Cómo nos venden la moto. Barcelona: Icaria.
Collins Dictionary. (2018). Fake news definition and meaning. Retrieved from https:// www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/fake-news.
Currie Sivek, S. & Bloyd-Peshkin, S. (2018). Where Do Facts Matter? Journalism Practice, 12(4), 400–421. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1307694.
Duke Reporter’s Lab. (2018). Fact-Checking. Retrieved from https://reporterslab.org/factchecking/ Elizabeth, J. (2014). Who are you calling a fact checker? - American Press Institute. Retrieved from https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/fact-checking-project/fact-checkerdefinition/
Eurobarometer. (2018). Flash Eurobarometer 464: Fake News and Disinformation Online. Eurobarometer. Retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/euodp/en/data/dataset/ S2183_464_ENG.
Feenstra, R. A. & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2014). Democracy in the Digital Communication Environment: A Typology Proposal of Political Monitoring Processes. International Journal of Communication, 8, 2448–2468. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ ijoc/article/view/2815/1225.
Fole, X. (2012). Los hechos son sagrados. El fact-checker y la importancia del periodismo. Retrieved from http://www.fronterad.com/?q=hechos-son-sagrados-fact-checker-yimportancia-periodismo.
Funke, D. (2018). Report: There are 149 fact-checking projects in 53 countries. That’s a new high. Retrieved from https://www.poynter.org/news/report-there-are-149-factchecking-projects-53-countries-thats-new-high.
Gaitán, J. A. & Piñuel, J. L. (1998). Técnicas de investigación en Comunicación Social. Madrid: Síntesis.
Geham, F. (2017). Le fact-checking : une réponse à la crise de l’information et de la démocratie. Paris: Fondapol. Retrieved from http://www.fondapol.org/etude/farid-gueham-le-factchecking-une-reponse-a-la-crise-de-linformation-et-de-la-democratie/.
Graves, L. (2016a). Anatomy of a Fact Check: Objective Practice and the Contested Epistemology of Fact Checking. Communication, Culture & Critique, 10(3), 518–537. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12163.
Graves, L. (2016b). Deciding What’s True. New York: Columbia University Press.
Graves, L. (2018a). Boundaries Not Drawn. Journalism Studies, 19(5), 613–631. https:// www.doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1196602.
Graves, L. (2018b). Understanding the Promise and Limits of Automated Fact-Checking. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/understandingpromise-and-limits-automated-fact-checking.
Haigh, M., Haigh, T. & Kozak, N. I. (2017). Stopping Fake News. Journalism Studies, 19(14), 2062–2087. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1316681.
Hermida, A. (2012). Tweets and Truth. Journalism Practice, 6(5–6), 659–668. https://www. doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.667269.
Kirby, E. J. (2016, December 6). La ciudad europea que hizo una fortuna a base de crear noticias falsas sobre las elecciones de Estados Unidos. BBC News Mundo. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-38222222.
Kosslyn, J. & Yu, C. (2017). Fact Check now available in Google Search and News around the world. Google Blog. Retrieved from https://blog.google/products/search/fact-checknow-available-google-search-and-news-around-world/
Lowrey, W. (2017). The Emergence and Development of News Fact-checking Sites. Journalism Studies, 18(3), 376–394. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1052537.
Marchi, R. (2012). With Facebook, Blogs, and Fake News, Teens Reject Journalistic “Objectivity.” Journal of Communication Inquiry, 36(3), 246–262. https://www.doi.org/ 10.1177/0196859912458700.
Martin, N. (2017). Journalism, the pressures of verification and notions of post-truth in civil society. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 41–56. https:// www.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v9i2.5476.
Nyhan, B. & Reifler, J. (2015). Displacing Misinformation about Events: An Experimental Test of Causal Corrections. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 2(1), 81–93. https:// www.doi.org/10.1017/XPS.2014.22.
Palau-Sampio, D. (2018). Fact-checking y vigilancia del poder: La verificación del discurso público en los nuevos medios de América Latina. Communication & Society, 31(3), 347– 365. https://www.doi.org/doi: 10.15581/003.31.3.347-365.
Polage, D. C. (2012). Making up History: False Memories of Fake News Stories. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8(2), 245–250. https://www.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v8i2.456
Ramírez-Montoya, M. S. & García-Peñalvo, F.-J. (2018). Co-creación e innovación abierta: Revisión sistemática de literatura / Co-creation and open innovation: Systematic literature review. Comunicar, 26(54), 9–18. https://www.doi.org/10.3916/C54-2018-01.
Rubin, V. L., Chen, Y. & Conroy, N. J. (2015). Deception detection for news: Three types of fakes. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 52(1), 1–4. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/pra2.2015.145052010083.
Stencel, M. (2015). Implications and lessons for journalists practicing fact-checking. Retrieved from https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/surveyresearch/lessons-journalists-practicing-fact-checking/.
Stencel, M. & Griffin, R. (2018). Fact-checking triples over four years. Retrieved from https://reporterslab.org/fact-checking-triples-over-four-years/.
Storyful. (2017). Our expertise allows us to contextualize social data and conversations and verify user-generated content to find the truth in the vast landscape of social noise. Retrieved from https://storyful.com/about/.
Tandoc, E. C., Lim, Z. W. & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “Fake News”. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137–153. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143.
Tiwana, A. (2015). Platform Desertion by App Developers. Journal of Management Information Systems, 32(4), 40–77. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2015.1138365.
Tucho, F. (n.d.). La manipulación de la información en los conflictos armados: tácticas y estrategias. Retrieved from http://www2.uned.es/ntedu/espanol/novmarcos.htm.
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D. & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science (New York, N.Y.), 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://www.doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559.
Waisbord, S. (2018). Truth is What Happens to News. Journalism Studies, 19(13), 1866–1878. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492881.
Zubiaga, A., Liakata, M., Procter, R., Hoi, G. W. S. & Tolmie, P. (2016). Analysing How People Orient to and Spread Rumours in Social Media by Looking at Conversational Threads. PLOS ONE, 11(3), e0150989. https://www.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150989.
Details
Article Details
RIGHTS TRANSFER
By submitting the article for evaluation and subsequent publication in Communication & Society, the AUTHOR exclusively assigns the rights of public communication, reproduction, distribution and sale for commercial exploitation to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, for the maximum legal term in force -the entire life of the author and seventy years after his death or declaration of death-, in any country, and in any of the current and future edition modalities, both in print and electronic versions.
In the event that the article is not accepted for publication , this transfer of rights lapses with the communication of the refusal to the AUTHOR.
The AUTHOR affirms that the article is unpublished, that it has not been sent simultaneously to another publication medium and that the rights have not been transferred exclusively previously. He is responsible to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service for the authorship and originality of his work, as well as for all pecuniary charges that may arise for the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, in favor of third parties due to actions, claims or conflicts arising from the breach of obligations by the AUTHOR.