Nomophobia in teenagers: digital lifestyle, social networking and smartphone abuse
Article Sidebar
640)
Main Article Content
Authors
Abstract
1232
Smartphone use influences teenagers’ behaviors and lifestyles, not always in a positive way. Abuse and dependence on the use of this device is what has led to the study of nomophobia. The objective of this research is to measure the level of nomophobia in adolescents, and to study their digital consumption habits. The study seeks to analyze the relationships between risk of nomophobia, digital behavior, age and smartphone use. A structured questionnaire has been applied to a sample of 850 students aged 12 to 16. The data has been analyzed with SPSS and SPAD. Multivariate statistical characterization, one of the most recent data mining techniques, has been used to study differences in teenagers’ behaviors according to their risk of nomophobia, and to find related explanatory variables. Teenagers’ nomophobia risk ranges from mild to moderate, showing a relation with age, academic performance and intensity of use of mobile social networking apps. The risk of nomophobia responds to differences in students’ digital, social, relational and educational behaviors, and exhibits differences according to academic performance, age, gender, motivation and self-perception.
Keywords
References
Adawi, M., Bragazzi, N. L., Argumosa-Villar, L., Boada-Grau, J., Vigil-Colet, A., Yildirim, C., Del Puente, F. & Watad, A. (2018). Translation and validation of the nomophobia questionnaire in the Italian language: Exploratory factor analysis. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 6, 1-9. https://www.doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.9186
Aguilera-Manrique, G., Márquez-Hernández, V. V., Alcaraz-Córdoba, T., Granados-Gámez, G., Gutiérrez-Puertas, V. & Gutiérrez-Puertas, L. (2018). The relationship between nomophobia and the distraction associated with smartphone use among nursing students in their clinical practicum. PLoS ONE, 13, e0202953. https://www.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202953
Ahmed, Q. & Perji, K. (2011). Mobile phone to youngsters: necessity or addiction. African Journal of Business Management, 5, 12512-12519. https://www.doi.org/1o.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_361_18
Ahmed, S., Pokhrel, N., Roy, S. & Samuel, A. J. (2019). Impact of nomophobia: A nondrug addiction among students of physiotherapy course using an online cross-sectional survey. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 61, 77-80. https://www.doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_361_18
Aluja, T. & Morineau, A. (1999). Aprender de los datos: el análisis de componentes principales. Una aproximación desde el Data Mining. Barcelona: Ediciones Universitarias de Barcelona.
Al-Balhan, E. M., Khabbache, H., Watfa, A., Re, T. S., Zerbetto, R. & Bragazzi, N.L. (2018). Psychometric evaluation of the Arabic version of the nomophobia questionnaire: Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis – Implications from a pilot study in Kuwait among university students. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 11, 471-482. https://www.doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S169918
Argumosa-Villar, L., Boada-Grau, J. & Vigil-Colet, A. (2017). Exploratory investigation of theoretical predictors of nomophobia using the Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire (MPIQ). Journal of Adolescence, 56, 127-135. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescece.2017.02.003
Arpaci, I., Balo ˘glu, M., Özteke, H. I. & Kesici, S. (2017). Individual differences in the relationship between attachment and nomophobia among college students: The mediating role of mindfulness. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19, e404. https://www.doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8847
Ayar, D., Özalp, G., Özdemir, E. Z. & Bekta¸s, M. (2018). The Effect of Problematic Internet Use, Social Appearance Anxiety, and Social Media Use on Nursing Students’ Nomophobia Levels. CIN Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 36, 589-595. https://www.doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000458
Bécue, M. & Balls, J. (2005). Manual de introducción a los métodos factoriales y clasificación con SPAD. Barcelona: Servei d’Estadística Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Retrieved from http://www.uab.es/s-estadistica
Betoncu, O. & Ozdamli, F. (2019). The disease of 21st century: Digital disease. TEM Journal, 8, 598-603. https://www.doi.org/10.18421/TEM82-37
Bisquerra, R. (1989). Introducción conceptual al análisis multivariable. Un enfoque informático con los paquetes SPSS-X, BMDP, LISREL Y SPAD. Barcelona: PPU.
Bian, M. & Leung, L. (2015). Linking Loneliness, Shyness, Smartphone Addiction Symptoms, and Patterns of Smartphone Use to Social Capital. Social Science Computer Review, 33(1), 61-79. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0894439314528779
Bragazzi, N. C. & Del Puente, G. (2014). A proposal for including nomophobia in the new DSM-V. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 7, 155-160. https://www.doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S41386
Bragazzi, N. L., Simona, T. & Zerbetto, R. (2019). The relationship between nomophobia and maladaptive coping styles in a sample of Italian young adults: Insights and implications from a cross-sectional study. JMIR Mental Health, 6, e123154. https://www.doi.org/10.2196/13154
Buchinger, S., Kriglstein, S., Brandt, S. & Hlavacs, H. (2011). A survey on user studies and technical aspects of mobile multimedia applications. Entertainment Computing, 2(3), 175-190. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2011.02.001
Cho, J. (2015). Roles of smartphone app use in improving social capital and reducing social isolation. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(6), 350-355. https://www.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0657
Chóliz, M. (2010). Mobile Phone Addiction in Adolescence: Evaluation and Prevention of Mobile Addiction in Teenagers. Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing.
Darvishi, M., Noori, M., Nazer, M. R., Sheikholeslami, S. & Karimi, E. (2019). Investigating different dimensions of nomophobia among medical students: A cross-sectional study. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7, 573-578. https://www.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.138
Dasgupta, P., Bhattacherjee, S., Dasgupta, S., Roy, J.K., Mukherjee, A. & Biswas, R. (2017). Nomophobic behaviors among smartphone using medical and engineering students in two colleges of West Bengal. Indian Journal of Public Health, 61, 199-204. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00895
De la Villa Moral, M. & Suárez, C. (2016). Factores de riesgo en el uso problemático de Internet y del teléfono móvil en adolescentes españoles. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología de la Salud, 7, 69-78. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.rips.2016.03.001
Ditrendia (Digital Marketing Trends) (2018). Informe Mobile en España y en el Mundo 2017. Retrieved from https://ditrendia.es/informe-mobile-2018/
Duke, É. & Montag, C. (2017). Smartphone addiction: Daily interruptions and self-reported productivity. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 6, 90-95. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2017.07.002
Echeburúa, E., Labrador, F. J. & Becoña, E. (2009). Adicción a las nuevas tecnologías en adolescentes y jóvenes. Madrid: Pirámide.
Echeburúa, E. & de Corral, P. (2010). Adicción a las nuevas tecnologías y a las redes sociales en jóvenes un nuevo reto. Adicciones, 22(2), 91-96.
Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C. & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251-259. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030
Farooqui, I. A., Pore, P. & Gothankar, J. (2018). Nomophobia: An emerging issue in medical institutions? Journal of Mental Health, 27, 438-441. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2017.1417564
García del Castillo, J. A. (2013). Adicciones tecnológicas: el auge de las redes sociales. Health and Addictions, 13(1), 5-14.
Gentina, E., Li-Ping, T. & Dancoine, P. F. (2018). Does Gen Z’s emotional intelligence promote iCheating (cheating with iPhone) yet curb iCheating through reduced nomophobia? Computers & Education, 126, 231-247. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.07.011
Gil, F., Del Valle, G., Oberst, U. & Chamarro, A. (2015). Nuevas tecnologías - ¿Nuevas patologías? El smartphone y el fear of missing out. Aloma, 33(2), 77-83.
González-Cabrera, J., León-Mejía, A., Pérez-Sancho, C. & Calvete, E. (2017). Adaptation of the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) to Spanish in a sample of adolescents. Actas Españolas Psiquiatría, 45, 137-144.
Grande, I. & Abascal, E. (2009). Fundamentos y técnicas de investigación comercial. Madrid: ESIC.
Guedes, E., Sancassiani, F., Carta, M. G., Campos, C., Machado, S., King, A. L. S. & Nardi, A. E. (2016). Internet Addiction and Excessive Social Networks Use: What About Facebook? Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 12, 43-48. https://www.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901612010043
Gutiérrez-Puertas, L., Márquez-Hernández, V. V. & Aguilera-Manrique, G. (2016). Adaptation and validation of the Spanish version of the nomophobia questionnaire in nursing studies. CIN Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 34, 470-475. https://www.doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000268
Gutiérrez-Puertas, L., Márquez-Hernández, V. V., São-Romão-Preto, L., Granados-Gámez, G., Gutiérrez-Puertas, V. & Aguilera-Manrique, G. (2019). Comparative study of nomophobia among Spanish and Portuguese nursing students. Nurse Education in Practice, 34, 79-84. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2018.11.010
INE (Instituto Nacional de Estadística) (2020). Encuesta sobre equipamiento y uso de tecnologías de información y comunicación en los hogares 2019. Retrieved from https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176741&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735976608/
Jackson, L. A., von Eye, A., Witt, E. A., Zhao, Y. & Fitzgerald, H. E. (2011). A longitudinal study of the effects of Internet use and videogame playing on academic performance and the roles of gender, race and income in these relationships. Computer in Human Behavior, 27(1), 228-239. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.08.001
Jacobsen, W. C. & Forste, R. (2011). The wired generation: Academic and social outcomes of electronic media use among university students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(5), 275-280. https://www.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0135
Jiang, Q. & Li, Y. (2018). Factors affecting smartphone dependency among the young in China. Asian Journal of Communication, 28(5), 508-525. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2018.1431296
Jiménez-Iglesias, E., Garmendia-Larrañaga, M. & Casado del Río, M. Á. (2015). Percepción de los y las menores de la mediación parental respecto a los riesgos en Internet. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 70, 49-68. https://www.doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2015-1034
Karim, R. & Chaudhri, P. (2012). Behavioral addictions: An overview. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 44, 5-17. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.662859
King, A. L. S., Valença, A. M. & Nardi, A. E. (2010). Nomophobia: The mobile phone in panic disorder with agoraphobia: Reducing phobias or worsening of dependence? Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 23, 52-54. https://www.doi.org/0.1097/WNN.0b013e3181b7eabc
Kneidinger-Mueller, B. (2019). When the smartphone goes offline: A factorial survey of smartphone users’ experiences of mobile unavailability. Computer in Human Behavior, 98, 1-10. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.037
Krajewska-Kułak, E., Kułak, W., Stryzhak, A., Szpakow. A., Prokopowicz, W. & Marcinkowski, J. T. (2012). Problematic mobile phone using among the Polish and Belarusian University students, a comparative study. Progress in Health Science, 2(1), 45-50.
Lanaj, K., Johnson, R. E. & Barnes, C. M. (2014). Beginning the workday yet already depleted? Consequences of late-night smartphone use and sleep. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 124(1), 11-23. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.01.001
Lee, S., Kim, M., Mendoza, J. S. & McDonough, I. M. (2018). Addicted to cellphones: Exploring the psychometric properties between the nomophobia questionnaire and obsessiveness in college students. Heliyon, 4, 1-20.
Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E. & Karpinski, A. C. (2014). The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343–350. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.049
Lin, Y. H., Lin, Y. C., Lee, Y. H., Lin, P. H., Lin, S. H., Chang, L. R. et al. (2015). Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 65, 139-145. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.003
Machimbarrena, J., González-Cabrera, J., Ortega-Barón, J., Beranuy-Fargues, M., Álvarez-Bardón, A. & Tejero, B. (2019). Profiles of Problematic Internet Use and Its Impact on Adolescents’ Health-Related Quality of Life. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20), 3877. https://www.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203877
Mendoza, J. S., Pody, B. C., Lee, S., Kim, M. & McDonough, I. M. (2018). The effect of cellphones on attention and learning: The influences of time, distraction, and nomophobia. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 52-60. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.027
Mertkan, D., Burcin, N., Sezen-Gultekin, G. & Gemikonakli, O. (2018). Relationship between nomophobia and fear of missing out among Turkish university students. Cypriot Journal of Educational Science, 13, 549-561. https://www.doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v13i4.3464
Montag, C. & Walla, P. (2016). Carpe diem instead of losing your social mind: Beyond digital addiction and why we all suffer from digital overuse. Cogent Psychology, 3(1), 1157281. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2016.1157281
Oksman, V. & Turtiainen, J. (2004). Mobile communication as a social stage. The meanings of mobile communication among teenagers in Finland. New Media & Society, 6, 319-339. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1461444804042518
Olivencia-Carrión, M. A., Ferri-García, R., Rueda, M. D. M., Jiménez-Torres, M. G. & López-Torrecillas, F. (2018). Temperament and characteristics related to nomophobia. Psychiatry Research, 266, 5-10. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.056
Ozdemir, B., Cakir, O. & Hussain, I. (2018). Prevalence of Nomophobia among university students: A comparative study of Pakistani and Turkish undergraduate students. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 14, 1519-1532. https://www.doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/84839
Quesada Varela, V. & Carballo Pintos, I.C. (2017). Nomofobia ¿Qué es? Cuadernos de Atención Primaria, 23(1), 37-39.
Ramos-Soler, I., López-Sánchez, C. & Quiles-Soler, M. C. (2017). Adaptation and validation of the Yildirim & Correia nomophobia scale in Spanish students of “compulsory secondary education”. Health and Addictions, 17(2), 201-213. https://www.doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v17i2.332
Ramos-Soler, I., López-Sánchez, C. & Torrecillas-Lacave, T. (2018). Percepción de riesgo online en jóvenes y su efecto en el comportamiento digital. Comunicar, 56(XXVI), 71-79. https://www.doi.org/10.3916/C56-2018-07
Raudsepp, L. & Kais, K. (2019). Longitudinal associations between problematic social media use and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. Preventive Medicine Reports, 15, 100925. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100925
Restrepo, J. E. & Castañeda, T. (2018). Riesgo de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria y uso de redes sociales en usuarias de gimnasios de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 49(3), 192-169. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2018.08.003
Rodríguez-García, A., Moreno-Guerrero, A. & López Belmonte, J. (2020). Nomophobia: An Individual’s Growing Fear of Being without a Smartphone—A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 580. https://www.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020580
Rojas-Jara, C., Henríquez, F., Sanhueza, F., Núñez, P., Inostroza, E., Solís, A. & Contreras, D. (2018). Adicción a Internet y uso de redes sociales en adolescentes: Una revisión. Revista Española de Drogodependencias, 43, 39-54.
Ruiz-Palmero, J., Sánchez-Rodríguez, J. & Trujillo-Torres, J. M. (2016). Utilización de Internet y dependencia a teléfonos móviles en adolescentes. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 14, 1357-1369. https://www.doi.org/10.11600/1692715x.14232080715
Samaha, M. & Hawi, N. S. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 321-325. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045
Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., Hamilton, H. A. & Chaput, J.-P. (2018). Use of social media is associated with short sleep duration in a dose–response manner in students aged 11 to 20 years. Acta Pædiatrica, 107(4), 694-700. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/apa.14210
Sánchez-Martí, A. & Ruiz-Bueno, A. (2018). Análisis de clasificación con variable criterio en SPAD. REIRE Revista d’Innovació i Recerca en Educació, 11(1), 41-53. https://www.doi.org/10.1344/reire2018.11.11935
Sandeep, T. K. (2018). A study on the effects of ICT enabled gadgets and screen addiction among mechanical engineering students. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9, 1223-1227.
Santos, T., Da Silva, L. K., Abbas, W., De Souza, L. A. & De Sá, L. V. (2017). Cade meu celular? Uma análise da nomofobia no ambiente organizacional. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 57, 634-635.
SecurEnvoy (2012). 66% of the population suffer from nomophobia the fear of being without their phone. Retrieved from https://www.securenvoy.com/blog/2012/02/16/66-of-the-population-suffer-from-nomophobia-the-fear-of-being-without-their-phone/
Seo, D. & Ray, S. (2019). Habit and addiction in the use of social networking sites: their nature, antecedents, and consequences. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 109-125. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.018
Simó Sanz, C., Martínez Sabater, A., Ballester Tarín, M. L. & Domínguez Romero, A. (2017). Instrumentos de evaluación del uso problemático del teléfono móvil/Smartphone. Health and Addictions, 17(1), 5-14. https://www.doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v17il.265
Van Deursen, A. J., Bolle, C. L., Hegner, S. M. & Kommers, P. A. (2015). Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age and gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 411-420. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039
Vidales-Bolaños, M. & Sádaba-Chalezquer, C. (2017). Connected Teens: Measuring the Impact of Mobile Phones on Social Relationships through Social Capital. Comunicar, 53, 19-28. https://www.doi.org/10.3916/C53-2017-02
Wentworth, D. K. & Middleton, J. H. (2014). Technology use and academic performance. Computers & Education, 78, 306-311. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.06.012
Yildirim, C. & Correia, A. P. (2015). Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 130-137. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.059
Yildiz-Durak, H. (2019). Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction predictors among adolescents in Turkey: Demographic variables and academic performance. Social Science Journal, 56(4), 492-517. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.09.003
Yogesh, S., Abha, S. & Priyanka, S. (2014). Short Communication Mobile usage and sleep patterns among medical students. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 58(1), 100-103.
Details
Article Details
RIGHTS TRANSFER
By submitting the article for evaluation and subsequent publication in Communication & Society, the AUTHOR exclusively assigns the rights of public communication, reproduction, distribution and sale for commercial exploitation to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, for the maximum legal term in force -the entire life of the author and seventy years after his death or declaration of death-, in any country, and in any of the current and future edition modalities, both in print and electronic versions.
In the event that the article is not accepted for publication , this transfer of rights lapses with the communication of the refusal to the AUTHOR.
The AUTHOR affirms that the article is unpublished, that it has not been sent simultaneously to another publication medium and that the rights have not been transferred exclusively previously. He is responsible to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service for the authorship and originality of his work, as well as for all pecuniary charges that may arise for the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, in favor of third parties due to actions, claims or conflicts arising from the breach of obligations by the AUTHOR.
