Nuances of Public Diplomacy: China in Chilean Op-Eds (2018-2021)
Article Sidebar
310)
Main Article Content
Authors
Abstract
315
This paper explores editorials and opinion columns published in four Chilean mainstream newspapers and analyzes how China is represented within the context of Chinese economic advances in the region and the contextual narratives surrounding bilateral relations. Through a content analysis of editorials and opinion pieces of elite media between 2018 and 2021, this study allows an understanding of how China and its growing influence are perceived locally. Ultimately, despite an overall alignment with China’s public diplomacy centered around an economic-commercial dimension, there are still nuances in how China is represented in Chilean op-eds.
Keywords
References
Altmann-Borbón, J. & Rivero Soto, S. (2022). Dimensions of China’s Diplomacy in Latin America and the Caribbean. San José: FLACSO.
Ampuero, P. & Labarca, C. (2017). Chilean Business Orientalism: The Role of Non-State Actors in the Frame of Asymmetric Bilateral Relations. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(6), 1385-1393. https://www.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1130625
Araya, I. (2021). Ciudades y regiones en las relaciones diplomáticas de Chile y China. In A. Bórquez, D. López & F. Muñoz (Eds.), Relaciones entre Chile-China. Un enfoque integral (pp. 145-162). Santiago: RIL.
Bachmann, I., Valenzuela, S. & Figueroa-Bustos, A. (2021). COVID-19 in Chile: A health crisis amidst a political crisis amidst a social crisis. In P. van Aelst & J. Blumler (Eds.), Political communication in the time of coronavirus (pp. 48-64). New York, NY: Routledge.
Bernal-Meza, R. (2016). China and Latin America Relations: The Win-Win Rhetoric. Journal of China and International Relations, Special Issue, 27-34. https://www.doi.org/10.5278/ojs.jcir.v4i2.1588
Carreras, M. (2017). Public attitudes toward an emerging China in Latin America. Issues & Studies, 53(01), 1740004.
Chan, C. & Montt Strabucchi, M. (2020). Creating and Negotiating “Chineseness” through Chinese restaurants in Santiago, Chile. In J. Banh & H. Liu (Eds.), Chinese American Restaurant: Society, Culture and Consumption (pp. 3-25). New York, NY: Routledge.
Chan, C. & Montt Strabucchi, M. (2021). Many-faced orientalism: Racism and xenophobia in a time of the novel coronavirus in Chile. Asian Ethnicity, 22(2), 374-394. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2020.1795618
Coloma Rojas, C. (2020). ¿El país de los cuatro primeros? El problema del pragmatismo y los factores materiales en los estudios sobre la relación Chile-China. Sur y Tiempo: Revista de Historia de América, 1(2), Article 2. https://www.doi.org/10.22370/syt.2020.2.2366
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) (2021). La Inversión Extranjera Directa en América Latina y el Caribe 2021, 195. https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/47147-la-inversion-extranjera-directa-america-latina-caribe-2021
Creutzfeld, B. (2022). China’s diplomatic outreach to Latin America: The growing influence and strategic mobility of Beijing’s ambassadors. Documento de Trabajo Centro de Estudios sobre China y Asia-Pacífico, 5.
Dirección de Estudios SUBREI (2021). Ficha país: Chile-China. Gobierno de Chile.
Domínguez, J. I., Catalinac, W. A., Cesarin. S. et al. (2006). China’s Relations with Latin America: Shared Gains, Asymmetric Hopes. Inter-American Dialogue - Working Paper: 59.
Dosch, J. & Goodman D. S. G. (2012). China and Latin America: Complementarity, Competition, and Globalisation. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 41(1), 3-19.
Dussel Peters, E. (2005). Economic opportunities and challenges posed by China for Mexico and Central America. Retrieved from http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/11490
Dussel Petters, E. (2017). Mexico-United States-China. China. The United States, and the Future of Latin America: US-China Relations, III(3), 109.
Dussel Peters, E. (2019). China’s Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean. Conditions and Challenges. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Retrieved from https://dusselpeters.com/CECHIMEX/20190804_CECHIMEX_Libro_Chinas_Foreign_Direct_Enrique_Dussel_Peters.pdf
Dussel Peters, E. (2022). The new triangular relationship between the US, China, and Latin America: the case of trade in the autoparts-automobile global value chain (2000-2019). Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 51(1), 60-82.
Ellis, R. E. (2009). China in Latin America: The Whats and Wherefores. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Ellis, R. E. (2011). China-Latin America military engagement: Good will, good business, and strategic position. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College.
Ellis, R. E. (2014). China on the Ground in Latin America: Challenges for the Chinese and Impacts on the Region. New York, NY: Springer.
Ellis, R. E. (2021). Chinese Advances in Chile. Global Americans, 2 March.
Ellis, R. E. (2022). China Engages Latin America. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Entman, R. M. (2008). Theorizing Mediated Public Diplomacy: The U.S. Case. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(2), 87-102. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1940161208314657.
Ffrench-Davis, R. (2002). El impacto de las exportaciones sobre el crecimiento en Chile. Revista de la CEPAL, 76, 143-160. Retrieved from https://repositorio.cepal.org/handle/11362/10806
Freelon, D. (2013). ReCal OIR: Ordinal, interval, and ratio intercoder reliability as a web service. International Journal of Internet Science, 8(1), 10-16.
Fortin, C., Heine, J. & Ominami, C. (Eds.) (2021). El No Alineamiento Activo y América Latina: Una Doctrina para el Nuevo Siglo. Santiago: Catalonia.
Gachúz, J. C. (2012). Chile’s Economic and Political Relationship with China. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 41(1), 133-154. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/186810261204100105
Gilboa, E. (2008). Searching for a theory of public diplomacy. The annals of the American academy of political and social science, 616(1), 55-77.
Gil-Barragan, J. M., Aguilera-Castillo, A. & Galeano, L. S. (2020). A Bibliometric Analysis of China-Latin America Economic and Political Relations. Latin American Policy, 11(2), 290-312. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12191.
Golan, G. J. (2013). The gates of op-ed diplomacy: Newspaper framing the 2011 Egyptian revolution. International Communication Gazette, 75(4), 359-373. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1748048513482264
Golan, G. J. & Carroll, T. R. (2012). The op-ed as a strategic tool of public diplomacy: Framing of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. Public Relations Review, 38(4), 630-632.
Golan, G. J., Manor, I. & Arceneaux, P. (2019). Mediated public diplomacy redefined: Foreign stakeholder engagement via paid, earned, shared, and owned media. American Behavioral Scientist, 63(12), 1665-1683.
Golan, G. J., Arceneaux, P. C. & Soule, M. (2019). The Catholic Church as a public diplomacy actor: An analysis of the pope’s strategic narrative and international engagement. The Journal of International Communication, 25(1), 95-115.
Heine, J. (2021). Marco Polo Crosses the Pacific: China’s New Silk Road and the Logistic State in Latin America. Rising Powers Initiative, The Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future, Pardee School of Global Studies, Boston University. Retrieved from https://www.bu.edu/pardee/files/2021/07/RPI02.pdf
Hubbert, J. (2019). China in the World: An Anthropology of Confucius Institutes, Soft Power, and Globalization. University of Hawaii Press.
Jenkins, R. & Dussel Peters, E. (2009). China and Latin America: Economic relations in the twenty-first century. Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik. Retrieved from https://www.die-gdi.de/studies/article/china-and-latin-america-economic-relations-in-the-twenty-first-century/
Jenkins, R. (2010). China’s global expansion and Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies, 42(4), 809-837.
Jenkins, R. (2012). Latin America and China⎼a new dependency? Third World Quarterly, 33(7), 1337-1358.
Jenkins, R. (2017). China and Latin America. In American Hegemony and the Rise of Emerging Powers (pp. 182-197). New York, NY: Routledge.
Jenkins, R. (2022). China’s Belt and Road Initiative in Latin America: What has Changed? Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 51(1), 13-39.
Jenkins, R. (2022). How China is Reshaping the Global Economy: Development Impacts in Africa and Latin America, 2nd Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jerdén, B., Rühlig, T., Seaman, J. & Turcsányi, R. Q. (2021). Chinese public diplomacy and European public opinion during COVID-19. China Review, 21(2), 5-34.
Jiang, S. (2008a). The Chinese Foreign Policy Perspective. In R. Roett & G. Paz (Eds.), China’s expansion into the western hemisphere: implications for Latin America and the United States (pp. 27-43). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Jiang, S. (2008b). The Long View: China’s first Latin American policy paper is a road map for future relations. Beijing Review, 48. Retrieved from http://www.bjreview.com.cn/world/txt/2008-11/25/content_166481.htm
Labarca, C. (2013). Identidad e institucionalización como estrategias de construcción de confianza: El caso Sino-Chileno. Revista de Ciencia Política (Santiago), 33(2), 489-511. https://www.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2013000200004
Labarca, C. (2015). Ni hao Mr. Pérez, Buenos Días Mr. Li. Chile y China: cultura, negocios y confianza en la era global. Santiago: UC.
Labarca, C. & Montt Strabucchi, M. (2019). Discurso como representación de sentido en las relaciones internacionales: El caso sino-chileno. Estudios Políticos, 47, 163-184. https://www.doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.24484903e.2019.47.69504
Melissen, J. (Ed.). (2005). The new public diplomacy Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Miskimmon, A., O’Loughlin, B. & Roselle, L. (2013). Strategic narratives: Communication power and the new world order. New York, NY: Routledge.
Miskimmon, A., O’Loughlin, B. & Roselle, L. (Eds.) (2017). Forging the World: Strategic Narratives and International Relations. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. https://www.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.6504652
Montt Strabucchi, M. (2021). “El diálogo de las almas”: relaciones culturales entre Chile y la República Popular China. In A. Bórquez, D. López & F. Muñoz (Eds.), Relaciones entre Chile-China. Un enfoque integral (pp. 77-92). Santiago: RIL.
Montt Strabucchi, M. & Chan, C. (2020). Questioning the Conditional Visibility of the Chinese: (Non)Normative Representations of China and Chineseness in Chilean Cultural Productions. Journal of Chinese Overseas, 16(1), 90-116. https://www.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341414
Montt Strabucchi, M. & Rehner, J. (2020). Del Galeón de Manila a la IED: Rutas de intercambio entre China y América Latina. Asia América Latina, 5, 8-31. https://www.doi.org/10.33177/8.3
Montt Strabucchi, M., Chan, C. & Ríos, M. E. (2022). Chineseness in Chile. Shifting Representations During the Twenty-First Century. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83966-6
Morgenstern, S. & Bohigues, A. (2021). Battling for the Hearts and Minds of Latin Americans: Covariance of Attitudes toward the United States and China. Latin American Research Review, 56(2), Article 2. https://www.doi.org/10.25222/larr.656
Natarajan, K. (2014). Digital public diplomacy and a strategic narrative for India. Strategic Analysis, 38(1), 91-106.
Neuendorf, K. A. (2017). The content analysis guidebook. 2nd Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ospina Estupinan, J. D. (2017). The coverage of China in the Latin American Press: Media framing study. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 4(1), 1287319. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2017.1287319
Oyarzún, L. (2013). When Trade Policy is Not Enough: Opportunities and Challenges for Chile’s International Insertion. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research, 19(2), 268-285.
Pew Research Center. (2014, July 14). Balance of Power: U.S. vs. China. Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2014/07/14/chapter-3-balance-of-power-u-s-vs-china/
Ray, R., Gallagher, K. P., López, A. & Sanborn, C. (Eds.) (2016). China en América Latina. Lecciones para la cooperación Sur-Sur y el desarrollo sostenible. Lima: Universidad del Pacífico; Boston University.
Recabarren, J., Tso-Lee, Y., Recabarren, J. & Tso-Lee, Y. (2020). Chilean Parliamentary Diplomacy in Deepening Relations between Chile and China, 2000-2016. Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad, 15(1), 159-175. https://www.doi.org/10.18359/ries.4251
Rehner, J., Baeza, S. & Barton, J. (2015). En hombros de gigantes. Una geografía económica del comercio Chile-Asia. Santiago: GEOlibros.
República Popular China. (2008). Documento sobre la Política de China hacia América Latina y el Caribe. Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/esp/zxxx/t521035.shtml
República Popular China. (2016). Documento sobre la Política de China hacia América Latina y el Caribe. Retrieved from http://spanish.peopledaily.com.cn/n3/2016/1124/c31621-9146380.html
Santiso, J. (2005). La emergencia de China y su impacto en América Latina. Política Exterior, 107, 97-111.
Serrano Moreno, J. E., Pérez Ceballos, A. & De Abreu Negrón, M. G. (2021). Beyond copper: China and Chile relations. Asian Education and Development Studies, 10(3), 359-373. https://www.doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-08-2019-0132
Snow, N. (2020, July 30). Public Diplomacy. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. https://www.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.518
Strauss, J. C. (2012). Framing and claiming: Contemporary globalization and “going out” in China’s rhetoric towards Latin America. The China Quarterly, 209, 134-156.
Sun, X. L. (2023). Fricciones comerciales entre China y Estados Unidos y sus implicancias en el desarrollo de cadenas del valor in México. In E. Dussel Peters (Ed.), Economía Comercio e Inversión 2023 (pp. 267-288). México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Estudios China-México.
Tang, L. (2023). Othering as mediated soft-power practice: Chinese diplomatic communication of discourse about China-US trade war through the British press. Discourse, Context & Media, 51, 100669.
Telias, D. & Urdinez, F. (2021). China’s Foreign Aid Drivers: Lessons from a Novel Dataset of the Mask Diplomacy in Latin America During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Retrieved from https://estudiosasiaticos.uc.cl/humanidades-digitales/mask-diplomacy-v-1-0
Tuch, H. N. (1990). Communicating with the world: US public diplomacy overseas. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Turcsányi, R. Q., Dubravčíková, K., Iocovezzi, J., Šimalčík, M. & Kironská, K. (2022, October 17). US-China rivalry in the Global South? Insights from a public opinion survey. CEIAS. Retrieved from https://ceias.eu/us-china-rivalry-in-the-global-south-insights-from-a-public-opinion-survey-2/.
Urdinez, F. (2021). China’s Improvised Mask Diplomacy in Chile. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?q=https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/04/06/china-s-improvised-mask-diplomacy-in-chile-pub-84251&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1680162623577538&usg=AOvVaw1L-umdDp3tVL0aiE8mnsHm
Urdinez, F., Fortin, C., Heine, J. & Ominami, C. (Eds.) (2022). El no alineamiento activo y América Latina: una doctrina para el nuevo siglo, Santiago de Chile, Catalonia, CUPEA Cuadernos De Política Exterior Argentina, 136, 147-152. https://www.doi.org/10.35305/cc.vi136.157
Villagrán, J. M. & Cofré, V. (2020, November 21). La ofensiva China en Chile genera las primeras alertas. La Tercera. Retrieved from https://www.latercera.com/pulso/noticia/la-ofensiva-china-en-chile-genera-las-primeras-alertas/ODKQH276HVCXHCXRRWC4E73OJU/?outputType=amp
Wanta, W., Golan, G. & Lee, C. (2004). Agenda Setting and International News: Media Influence on Public Perceptions of Foreign Nations. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81, 364-377. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100209
White, C. L. (2015). Exploring the role of private-sector corporations in public diplomacy. Public Relations Inquiry, 4(3), 305-321.
Wise, C. (2020). Dragonomics. How Latin America is maximizing (or missing out on) China’s international development strategy. London: Yale University Press.
Zechmeister, E. J., Seligson, M. A., Azpuru, D. & Liu, K. (2012). China in Latin America: Public Impressions and Policy Implications. Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP), 49.
Zhu, Y. & Wang, L. (2018). Newspaper portrayal of Chinese outward foreign direct investment in Latin American newspapers: A content analysis. International Communication Gazette, 80(5), 426-451. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1748048517747493
Metrics
|
|
Details
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
RIGHTS TRANSFER
By submitting the article for evaluation and subsequent publication in Communication & Society, the AUTHOR exclusively assigns the rights of public communication, reproduction, distribution and sale for commercial exploitation to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, for the maximum legal term in force -the entire life of the author and seventy years after his death or declaration of death-, in any country, and in any of the current and future edition modalities, both in print and electronic versions.
In the event that the article is not accepted for publication , this transfer of rights lapses with the communication of the refusal to the AUTHOR.
The AUTHOR affirms that the article is unpublished, that it has not been sent simultaneously to another publication medium and that the rights have not been transferred exclusively previously. He is responsible to the University of Navarra through its Publications Service for the authorship and originality of his work, as well as for all pecuniary charges that may arise for the University of Navarra through its Publications Service, in favor of third parties due to actions, claims or conflicts arising from the breach of obligations by the AUTHOR.
